The State of Artwork of Regenerative Remedy in Cardiovascular Ischemic Illness: Biology, Signaling Pathways, and Epigenetics of Endothelial Progenitor Cells
Ischemic coronary heart illness is presently a serious reason for mortality and morbidity worldwide. Nonetheless, the precise therapeutic situation doesn’t goal myocardial cell regeneration and consequently, the development towards the late stage of power coronary heart failure is frequent. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are bone marrow-derived stem cells that contribute to the homeostasis of the endothelial wall in acute and power ischemic illness. Calcium modulation and different molecular pathways (NOTCH, VEGFR, and CXCR4) contribute to EPC proliferation and differentiation. The current evaluate supplies a abstract of EPC biology with a selected concentrate on the regulatory pathways of EPCs and describes promising functions for cardiovascular cell remedy.
Understanding angiodiversity: insights from single cellbiology
Blood vessels have lengthy been thought-about as passive conduits for delivering blood. Nevertheless, lately, cells of the vessel wall (endothelial cells, clean muscle cells and pericytes) have emerged as lively, extremely dynamic parts that orchestrate crosstalk between the circulation and organs.
Encompassing the entire physique and being specialised to the wants of distinct organs, it’s not shocking that vessel lining cells come in several flavours.
There may be calibre-specific specialization (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins), but in addition organ-specific heterogeneity in several microvascular beds (steady, discontinuous, sinusoidal).
Latest technical advances within the discipline of single cell biology have enabled the profiling of hundreds of single cells and, therefore, have allowed for the molecular dissection of such angiodiversity, yielding a hitherto unparalleled stage of spatial and useful decision.
Right here, we evaluate how these approaches have contributed to our understanding of angiodiversity.
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TAGAP Recombinant Protein (Mouse) (Recombinant- Tag)
Description: FAM3C, also called interleukin-like EMT inducer, usually exist in most secretory epithelia. It belongs to the FAM3 family according to their sequence similarities. The up-regulation and/or mislocalization in breast cancer and liver carcinoma cells of FAM3C is strongly correlated with metastasis formation and survival. FAM3C can be involved in retinal laminar formation and promote epithelial to mesenchymal transition.
Description: Protein FAM3D is a novel cytokine-like protein that belongs to the FAM3 family. Human FAM3D is synthesized as a 224 amino acid precursor that contains a 25 amino acid signal sequence and a 199 amino acid mature chain. FAM3D is identified based on structural, but not sequence, homology to short chain cytokines including IL-2, IL-4 and GM-CSF. FAM3 proteins are four helix bundle cytokines with four conserved cysteines in all members (FAM3A-D). FAM3B is highly expressed in alpha and beta cells of the pancreas and is being investigated as a potential contributor to beta cell death and development of Type I Diabetes.
Tagap1 Recombinant Protein (Mouse) (Recombinant Tag)
Description: All three isoforms of GRO are CXC chemokines that can signal through the CXCR1 or CXCR2 receptors. The GRO proteins chemoattract and activate neutrophils and basophils. Recombinant murine KC is a 7.8 kDa protein consisting of 72 amino acids including the 'ELR' motif common to the CXC chemokine family that bind to CXCR1 or CXCR2.
Description: All three isoforms of GRO are CXC chemokines that can signal through the CXCR1 or CXCR2 receptors. The GRO proteins chemoattract and activate neutrophils and basophils. Recombinant murine KC is a 7.8 kDa protein consisting of 72 amino acids including the 'ELR' motif common to the CXC chemokine family that bind to CXCR1 or CXCR2.
Description: Tissue Factor (TF) is a single-pass type I membrane glycoprotein member of the tissue factor family. TF expression is highly dependent upon cell type. This factor enables cells to initiate the blood coagulation cascades, and it functions as the high-affinity receptor for the coagulation factor VII. TF initiates blood coagulation by forming a complex with circulating factor VII or VIIa. The complex activates factors IX or X by specific limited protolysis. TF plays a role in normal hemostasis by initiating the cell-surface assembly and propagation of the coagulation protease cascade.
Description: T-cell antigen CD7 (CD7) is also known as GP40, LEU-9, TP41 and Tp40. CD7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD7 gene, this gene encodes a transmembrane protein which is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. CD7 has been shown to interact with PIK3R1. This protein is found on thymocytes and mature T cells. It plays an essential role in T-cell interactions and also in T-cell/B-cell interaction during early lymphoid development.
Description: AXL Receptor Tyrosine Kinase is also known as Tyrosine-protein kinase receptor UFO, which belongs to the protein kinase superfamily, Tyr protein kinase family and AXL/UFO subfamily. AXL contains two fibronectin type-III domains, two Ig-like C2-type (immunoglobulin-like) domains and one protein kinase domain. AXL is highly expressed in metastatic colon tumors. AXL is activated by GAS6-binding and subsequent autophosphorylation. AXL is involved in signal transduction from the extracellular matrix into the cytoplasm by binding growth factors, and thus implicated in the stimulation of cell proliferation.
Description: Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a paracrine cellular growth, motility and morphogenic factor. Activating ligand for the receptor tyrosine kinase MET by binding to it and promoting its dimerization. Hepatocyte growth factor is secreted by mesenchymal cells and acts as a multi-functional cytokine on cells of mainly epithelial origin. Its ability to stimulate mitogenesis, cell motility, and matrix invasion gives it a central role in angiogenesis, tumorogenesis, and tissue regeneration. In addition, HGF has been implicated in a variety of cancers, including of the lungs, pancreas, thyroid, colon, and breast.
Description: Human epidermal growth factor (EGF) is also known as HOMG4 and URG,and is a growth factor that plays an important role in the regulation of cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation by binding to its receptor EGFR. Epidermal growth factor can be found in human platelets, macrophages, urine, saliva, milk, and plasma. EGF is the founding member of the EGF-family of proteins. Members of this protein family have highly similar structural and functional characteristics. All family members contain one or more repeats of the conserved amino acid sequence. The biological effects of salivary EGF include healing of oral and gastroesophageal ulcers, inhibition of gastric acid secretion, stimulation of DNA synthesis as well as mucosal protection from intraluminal injurious factors such as gastric acid, bile acids, pepsin, and trypsin and to physical, chemical and bacterial agents. Because of the increased risk of cancer by EGF, inhibiting it decreases cancer risk.
Description: Human epidermal growth factor (EGF) is also known as HOMG4 and URG,and is a growth factor that plays an important role in the regulation of cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation by binding to its receptor EGFR. Epidermal growth factor can be found in human platelets, macrophages, urine, saliva, milk, and plasma. EGF is the founding member of the EGF-family of proteins. Members of this protein family have highly similar structural and functional characteristics. All family members contain one or more repeats of the conserved amino acid sequence. The biological effects of salivary EGF include healing of oral and gastroesophageal ulcers, inhibition of gastric acid secretion, stimulation of DNA synthesis as well as mucosal protection from intraluminal injurious factors such as gastric acid, bile acids, pepsin, and trypsin and to physical, chemical and bacterial agents. Because of the increased risk of cancer by EGF, inhibiting it decreases cancer risk.
Description: Protein p62 preferentially binds multiubiquitin chains and forms a novel cytoplasmic structure "sequestosome" which serves as a storage place for ubiquitinated proteins.
Description: Keratinocyte Growth Factor (KGF/FGF-7) is one of 23 known members of the FGF family. Proteins of this family play a central role during prenatal development and postnatal growth and regeneration of variety of tissues, by promoting cellular proliferation and differentiation. KGF/FG-7 is a mitogen factor specific for epithelial cells and keratinocytes and signals through FGFR 2b. KGF/FGF-7 plays a role in kidney and lung development, angiogenesis, and wound healing. Recombinant human KGF/FGF-7 is an 18.9 kDa protein consisting of 163 amino acid residues.
Description: Keratinocyte Growth Factor (KGF/FGF-7) is one of 23 known members of the FGF family. Proteins of this family play a central role during prenatal development and postnatal growth and regeneration of variety of tissues, by promoting cellular proliferation and differentiation. KGF/FG-7 is a mitogen factor specific for epithelial cells and keratinocytes and signals through FGFR 2b. KGF/FGF-7 plays a role in kidney and lung development, angiogenesis, and wound healing. Recombinant human KGF/FGF-7 is an 18.9 kDa protein consisting of 163 amino acid residues.
Description: HGF is a mesenchymally derived potent mitogen for mature parenchymal hepatocyte cells and acts as a growth factor for a broad spectrum of tissues and cell types. HGF signals through a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor known as MET. Activities of HGF include induction of cell proliferation, motility, morphogenesis, inhibition of cell growth, and enhancement of neuron survival. HGF is a crucial mitogen for liver regeneration processes, especially after partial hepatectomy and other liver injuries. Human and murine HGF are cross-reactive. Human HGF is expressed as a linear 697 amino acid polypeptide precursor glycoprotein. Proteolytic processing of this precursor generates the biologically active form of HGF, which consists of two polypeptide chains (α-chain and β-chain) held by a single disulfide bond resulting in formation of a biologically active heterodimer. The α-chain consists of 463 amino acid residues and four kringle domains. The β-chain consists of 234 amino acid residues.
Description: HGF is a mesenchymally derived potent mitogen for mature parenchymal hepatocyte cells and acts as a growth factor for a broad spectrum of tissues and cell types. HGF signals through a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor known as MET. Activities of HGF include induction of cell proliferation, motility, morphogenesis, inhibition of cell growth, and enhancement of neuron survival. HGF is a crucial mitogen for liver regeneration processes, especially after partial hepatectomy and other liver injuries. Human and murine HGF are cross-reactive. Human HGF is expressed as a linear 697 amino acid polypeptide precursor glycoprotein. Proteolytic processing of this precursor generates the biologically active form of HGF, which consists of two polypeptide chains (α-chain and β-chain) held by a single disulfide bond resulting in formation of a biologically active heterodimer. The α-chain consists of 463 amino acid residues and four kringle domains. The β-chain consists of 234 amino acid residues.
Description: Members of the Hedgehog (Hh) family are highly conserved proteins which are widely represented throughout the animal kingdom. The three known mammalian Hh proteins, Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh) and Indian (Ihh) are structurally related and share a high degree of amino-acid sequence identity (e.g., Shh and Ihh are 93% identical). The biologically active form of Hh molecules is obtained by autocatalytic cleavage of their precursor proteins and corresponds to approximately the N-terminal one half of the precursor molecule. Although Hh proteins have unique expression patterns and distinct biological roles within their respective regions of secretion, they use the same signaling pathway and can substitute for each other in experimental systems. Recombinant E. coli derived Human Sonic HedgeHog is a 20.0 kDa protein consisting of 176 amino acid residues, including an N-terminal Ile-Val-Ile sequence substituted for the natural occurring chemically modified Cys residue.
Description: Members of the Hedgehog (Hh) family are highly conserved proteins which are widely represented throughout the animal kingdom. The three known mammalian Hh proteins, Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh) and Indian (Ihh) are structurally related and share a high degree of amino-acid sequence identity (e.g., Shh and Ihh are 93% identical). The biologically active form of Hh molecules is obtained by autocatalytic cleavage of their precursor proteins and corresponds to approximately the N-terminal one half of the precursor molecule. Although Hh proteins have unique expression patterns and distinct biological roles within their respective regions of secretion, they use the same signaling pathway and can substitute for each other in experimental systems. Recombinant E. coli derived Human Sonic HedgeHog is a 20.0 kDa protein consisting of 176 amino acid residues, including an N-terminal Ile-Val-Ile sequence substituted for the natural occurring chemically modified Cys residue.
Description: Twisted Gastrulation Protein (TSG) is a secreted BMP binding protein structurally related to the BMP antagonists Chordin and Noggin. TSG can inhibit BMP activity by binding directly to BMP proteins, and can act either as a BMP4 agonist or antagonist (depending on the specific biochemical environment) by binding to the BMP4/Chordin complex. Recombinant human TSG is a 199 amino acid 22.2 kDa protein containing the BMP/TGFβ binding portion of the full length TSG protein.
Description: Twisted Gastrulation Protein (TSG) is a secreted BMP binding protein structurally related to the BMP antagonists Chordin and Noggin. TSG can inhibit BMP activity by binding directly to BMP proteins, and can act either as a BMP4 agonist or antagonist (depending on the specific biochemical environment) by binding to the BMP4/Chordin complex. Recombinant human TSG is a 199 amino acid 22.2 kDa protein containing the BMP/TGFβ binding portion of the full length TSG protein.
Description: NOV is a member of the CCN family of secreted cysteine rich regulatory proteins. The full length NOV protein contains four structural domains that confer distinct, and sometimes opposing, biological activities. Elevated expression of NOV is associated with certain tumors, including Wilm’s tumor and most nephroblastomas. However, in other tumor types and certain cancer cell lines, increased tumorgenicity and proliferation is correlated with decreased NOV expression. Additionally, NOV induces cell adhesion and cell migration by signaling through specific cell surface integrins and by binding to heparin sulfate proteoglycans and to fibulin 1C. NOV has also been reported to exert proangiogenic activities. Recombinant human NOV is a 36.2 kDa protein containing 331 amino acid residues. It is composed of four distinct structural domains (modules); the IGF binding protein (IGFBP) domain, the von Willebrand Factor C (VWFC) domain, the Thrombospondin type-I (TSP type-1) domain, and a C-terminal cysteine knot-like domain (CTCK).
Description: NOV is a member of the CCN family of secreted cysteine rich regulatory proteins. The full length NOV protein contains four structural domains that confer distinct, and sometimes opposing, biological activities. Elevated expression of NOV is associated with certain tumors, including Wilm’s tumor and most nephroblastomas. However, in other tumor types and certain cancer cell lines, increased tumorgenicity and proliferation is correlated with decreased NOV expression. Additionally, NOV induces cell adhesion and cell migration by signaling through specific cell surface integrins and by binding to heparin sulfate proteoglycans and to fibulin 1C. NOV has also been reported to exert proangiogenic activities. Recombinant human NOV is a 36.2 kDa protein containing 331 amino acid residues. It is composed of four distinct structural domains (modules); the IGF binding protein (IGFBP) domain, the von Willebrand Factor C (VWFC) domain, the Thrombospondin type-I (TSP type-1) domain, and a C-terminal cysteine knot-like domain (CTCK).
Description: MIA is the first discovered member of a family of secreted cytokines termed the MIA/OTOR family. The four known members of this family; MIA, MIA2, OTOR and TANGO each contain a Src homology-3 (SH3)-like domain. MIA is an autocrine growth regulatory protein secreted from chondrocytes and malignant melanoma cells that promotes melanoma metastasis by binding competitively to fibronectin and laminin in a manner that results in melanoma cell detachment from the extracellular matrix in vivo. Elevated levels of MIA may represent a clinically useful marker for diagnosis of melanoma metastasis as well as a potential marker for rheumatoid arthritis. Recombinant human MIA is a 12.2 kDa globular protein containing 108 amino acid residues including two intramolecular disulfide bonds.
Description: MIA is the first discovered member of a family of secreted cytokines termed the MIA/OTOR family. The four known members of this family; MIA, MIA2, OTOR and TANGO each contain a Src homology-3 (SH3)-like domain. MIA is an autocrine growth regulatory protein secreted from chondrocytes and malignant melanoma cells that promotes melanoma metastasis by binding competitively to fibronectin and laminin in a manner that results in melanoma cell detachment from the extracellular matrix in vivo. Elevated levels of MIA may represent a clinically useful marker for diagnosis of melanoma metastasis as well as a potential marker for rheumatoid arthritis. Recombinant human MIA is a 12.2 kDa globular protein containing 108 amino acid residues including two intramolecular disulfide bonds.
Description: Stem Cell Factor (SCF) is a hematopoietic growth factor that exerts its activity by signaling through the c-Kit receptor. SCF and c-Kit are essential for the survival, proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells committed to the melanocyte and germ cell lineages. Human SCF manifests low activity on murine cells, while murine and rat SCF are fully active on human cells. Recombinant human SCF is an 18.4 kDa polypeptide containing 165 amino acid residues, which corresponds to the sequence of the secreted soluble form of SCF.
Description: Stem Cell Factor (SCF) is a hematopoietic growth factor that exerts its activity by signaling through the c-Kit receptor. SCF and c-Kit are essential for the survival, proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells committed to the melanocyte and germ cell lineages. Human SCF manifests low activity on murine cells, while murine and rat SCF are fully active on human cells. Recombinant human SCF is an 18.4 kDa polypeptide containing 165 amino acid residues, which corresponds to the sequence of the secreted soluble form of SCF.
Description: Murine C10 belongs to the CC chemokine family and is expressed in myelopoietic bone marrow cultures when stimulated with GM-CSF, M-CSF, IL-3 or IL-4. It signals primarily through the CCR1 receptor. C10 is chemotactic for B cells, CD4+ T cells, monocytes and NK cells and also exhibits powerful suppressive activity on colony formation by different lineages of hematopoietic progenitors. The C10 contains the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in CC chemokines. The mature protein contains 95 amino acid residues. Recombinant murine C-10 is a 10.7 kDa protein containing 95 amino acid residues.
Description: Murine C10 belongs to the CC chemokine family and is expressed in myelopoietic bone marrow cultures when stimulated with GM-CSF, M-CSF, IL-3 or IL-4. It signals primarily through the CCR1 receptor. C10 is chemotactic for B cells, CD4+ T cells, monocytes and NK cells and also exhibits powerful suppressive activity on colony formation by different lineages of hematopoietic progenitors. The C10 contains the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in CC chemokines. The mature protein contains 95 amino acid residues. Recombinant murine C-10 is a 10.7 kDa protein containing 95 amino acid residues.
Description: CXCL6, also known as GCP-2 in humans and LIX in mice, is a connective tissue-derived CXC chemokine that contains the four conserved cysteine residues shared by CXC chemokines and the ‘ELR’ motif responsible for CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptor signaling. Constitutively expressed in monocytes, platelets, endothelial cells and mast cells, CXCL6 selectively chemoattracts neutrophils and has been shown to exert anti-angiogenic activity. Human GCP-2 and murine LIX respectively exhibit murine and human cell cross-reactivity. There are two naturally occurring variants of murine LIX, the 78 amino-acid-length LIX 1-78 (GCP-2) and the 70 amino-acid-length LIX 9-78 (GCP-2).
Description: CXCL6, also known as GCP-2 in humans and LIX in mice, is a connective tissue-derived CXC chemokine that contains the four conserved cysteine residues shared by CXC chemokines and the ‘ELR’ motif responsible for CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptor signaling. Constitutively expressed in monocytes, platelets, endothelial cells and mast cells, CXCL6 selectively chemoattracts neutrophils and has been shown to exert anti-angiogenic activity. Human GCP-2 and murine LIX respectively exhibit murine and human cell cross-reactivity. There are two naturally occurring variants of murine LIX, the 78 amino-acid-length LIX 1-78 (GCP-2) and the 70 amino-acid-length LIX 9-78 (GCP-2).
Description: MIG, a CXC chemokine, is produced by IFN?× stimulated monocytes, macrophages and endothelial cells. It signals through the CXCR3 receptor. MIG selectively chemoattracts Th1 lymphocytes, and also exerts other activities including inhibition of tumor growth, angiogenesis, and inhibition of colony formation of hematopoietic progenitors. Human MIG is active on murine cells. Recombinant murine MIG is a 12.2 kDa protein containing 105 amino acid residues, including the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in CXC chemokines.
Description: MIG, a CXC chemokine, is produced by IFN?× stimulated monocytes, macrophages and endothelial cells. It signals through the CXCR3 receptor. MIG selectively chemoattracts Th1 lymphocytes, and also exerts other activities including inhibition of tumor growth, angiogenesis, and inhibition of colony formation of hematopoietic progenitors. Human MIG is active on murine cells. Recombinant murine MIG is a 12.2 kDa protein containing 105 amino acid residues, including the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in CXC chemokines.
Description: MDC is a CC chemokine that is produced in B cells, macrophages, monocyte-derived dendritic cells, activated NK cells and CD4 T cells. It signals through the CCR4 receptor. MDC chemoattracts monocytes, dendritic cells and NK cells and exerts HIV suppressive activity. The 67 amino acid form of MDC displays reduced chemoattractant activity but retains HIV suppressive activity. Recombinant murine MDC is a 7.8 kDa protein containing 68 amino acid residues including the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in the CC chemokines.
Description: MDC is a CC chemokine that is produced in B cells, macrophages, monocyte-derived dendritic cells, activated NK cells and CD4 T cells. It signals through the CCR4 receptor. MDC chemoattracts monocytes, dendritic cells and NK cells and exerts HIV suppressive activity. The 67 amino acid form of MDC displays reduced chemoattractant activity but retains HIV suppressive activity. Recombinant murine MDC is a 7.8 kDa protein containing 68 amino acid residues including the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in the CC chemokines.
Description: BCA-1/BLC, a CXC chemokine, is expressed in the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, appendix and stomach. It exerts its activities through its only receptor CXCR5. BCA-1/BLC is a potent chemoattractant for B lymphocytes and induces weak chemotactic response in T cells and macrophages. It manifests no activity on neutrophils and monocytes. Recombinant murine BLC is a 9.8 kDa protein containing 88 amino acid residues including the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in CXC chemokines.
Description: BCA-1/BLC, a CXC chemokine, is expressed in the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, appendix and stomach. It exerts its activities through its only receptor CXCR5. BCA-1/BLC is a potent chemoattractant for B lymphocytes and induces weak chemotactic response in T cells and macrophages. It manifests no activity on neutrophils and monocytes. Recombinant murine BLC is a 9.8 kDa protein containing 88 amino acid residues including the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in CXC chemokines.
Description: MEC is a secreted CC chemokine expressed primarily by epithelial cells of the bronchioles, salivary gland, mammary gland and colon. MEC signals through the CCR10 receptor and chemoattracts resting CD4, CD8 T-cells and eosinophils. MEC contains six cysteines including the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in CC chemokines. Recombinant murine MEC is a 12.6 kDa protein containing 111 amino acid residues.
Description: MEC is a secreted CC chemokine expressed primarily by epithelial cells of the bronchioles, salivary gland, mammary gland and colon. MEC signals through the CCR10 receptor and chemoattracts resting CD4, CD8 T-cells and eosinophils. MEC contains six cysteines including the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in CC chemokines. Recombinant murine MEC is a 12.6 kDa protein containing 111 amino acid residues.
Description: CXCL6, also known as GCP-2 in humans and LIX in mice, is a connective tissue-derived CXC chemokine that contains the four conserved cysteine residues shared by CXC chemokines and the ‘ELR’ motif responsible for CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptor signaling. Constitutively expressed in monocytes, platelets, endothelial cells and mast cells, CXCL6 selectively chemoattracts neutrophils and has been shown to exert anti-angiogenic activity. Human GCP-2 and murine LIX respectively exhibit murine and human cell cross-reactivity. There are two naturally occurring variants of murine LIX, the 78 amino-acid-length LIX 1-78 (GCP-2) and the 70 amino-acid-length LIX 9-78 (GCP-2).
Description: CXCL6, also known as GCP-2 in humans and LIX in mice, is a connective tissue-derived CXC chemokine that contains the four conserved cysteine residues shared by CXC chemokines and the ‘ELR’ motif responsible for CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptor signaling. Constitutively expressed in monocytes, platelets, endothelial cells and mast cells, CXCL6 selectively chemoattracts neutrophils and has been shown to exert anti-angiogenic activity. Human GCP-2 and murine LIX respectively exhibit murine and human cell cross-reactivity. There are two naturally occurring variants of murine LIX, the 78 amino-acid-length LIX 1-78 (GCP-2) and the 70 amino-acid-length LIX 9-78 (GCP-2).
Description: MIG, a CXC chemokine, is produced by IFN stimulated monocytes, macrophages and endothelial cells. It signals through the CXCR3 receptor. MIG selectively chemoattracts Th1 lymphocytes, and also exerts other activities including inhibition of tumor growth, angiogenesis, and inhibition of colony formation of hematopoietic progenitors. Human MIG is active on murine cells. Recombinant human MIG is an 11.7 kDa protein containing 103 amino acid residues, including the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in CXC chemokines.
Description: MIG, a CXC chemokine, is produced by IFN stimulated monocytes, macrophages and endothelial cells. It signals through the CXCR3 receptor. MIG selectively chemoattracts Th1 lymphocytes, and also exerts other activities including inhibition of tumor growth, angiogenesis, and inhibition of colony formation of hematopoietic progenitors. Human MIG is active on murine cells. Recombinant human MIG is an 11.7 kDa protein containing 103 amino acid residues, including the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in CXC chemokines.
Description: MDC is a CC chemokine that is produced in B cells, macrophages, monocyte-derived dendritic cells, activated NK cells and CD4 T cells. It signals through the CCR4 receptor. MDC chemoattracts monocytes, dendritic cells and NK cells and exerts HIV suppressive activity. The 67 amino acid form of MDC displays reduced chemoattractant activity but retains HIV suppressive activity. Recombinant human MDC is an 8.0 kDa protein containing 67 amino acid residues including the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in the CC chemokines.
Description: MDC is a CC chemokine that is produced in B cells, macrophages, monocyte-derived dendritic cells, activated NK cells and CD4 T cells. It signals through the CCR4 receptor. MDC chemoattracts monocytes, dendritic cells and NK cells and exerts HIV suppressive activity. The 67 amino acid form of MDC displays reduced chemoattractant activity but retains HIV suppressive activity. Recombinant human MDC is an 8.0 kDa protein containing 67 amino acid residues including the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in the CC chemokines.
Description: MDC is a CC chemokine that is produced in B cells, macrophages, monocyte-derived dendritic cells, activated NK cells and CD4 T cells. It signals through the CCR4 receptor. MDC chemoattracts monocytes, dendritic cells and NK cells and exerts HIV suppressive activity. The 67 amino acid form of MDC displays reduced chemoattractant activity but retains HIV suppressive activity. Recombinant human MDC is an 8.1 kDa protein containing 69 amino acid residues including the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in the CC chemokines.
Description: MDC is a CC chemokine that is produced in B cells, macrophages, monocyte-derived dendritic cells, activated NK cells and CD4 T cells. It signals through the CCR4 receptor. MDC chemoattracts monocytes, dendritic cells and NK cells and exerts HIV suppressive activity. The 67 amino acid form of MDC displays reduced chemoattractant activity but retains HIV suppressive activity. Recombinant human MDC is an 8.1 kDa protein containing 69 amino acid residues including the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in the CC chemokines.
Description: LEC is a CC chemokine that can signal through the CCR8 and CCR1 receptors. It is expressed in the liver, spleen, and thymus. LEC is chemotactic towards monocytes and lymphocytes but not neutrophils. Recombinant human LEC is an 11.2 kDa protein containing 97 amino acid residues, including the four conserved cysteine residues present in CC chemokines.
Description: LEC is a CC chemokine that can signal through the CCR8 and CCR1 receptors. It is expressed in the liver, spleen, and thymus. LEC is chemotactic towards monocytes and lymphocytes but not neutrophils. Recombinant human LEC is an 11.2 kDa protein containing 97 amino acid residues, including the four conserved cysteine residues present in CC chemokines.
Description: BCA-1/BLC, a CXC chemokine, is expressed in the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, appendix and stomach. It exerts its activities through its only receptor CXCR5. BCA-1/BLC is a potent chemoattractant for B lymphocytes and induces weak chemotactic response in T cells and macrophages. It manifests no activity on neutrophils and monocytes. Recombinant Human BCA-1 is a 10.3 kDa protein containing 87 amino acid residues including the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in CXC chemokines.
Description: BCA-1/BLC, a CXC chemokine, is expressed in the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, appendix and stomach. It exerts its activities through its only receptor CXCR5. BCA-1/BLC is a potent chemoattractant for B lymphocytes and induces weak chemotactic response in T cells and macrophages. It manifests no activity on neutrophils and monocytes. Recombinant Human BCA-1 is a 10.3 kDa protein containing 87 amino acid residues including the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in CXC chemokines.
Description: MEC is a secreted CC chemokine expressed primarily by epithelial cells of the bronchioles, salivary gland, mammary gland and colon. MEC signals through the CCR10 receptor and chemoattracts resting CD4, CD8 T-cells and eosinophils. MEC contains six cysteines including the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in CC chemokines. Recombinant human MEC is a 12.3 kDa protein containing 108 amino acid residues.
Description: MEC is a secreted CC chemokine expressed primarily by epithelial cells of the bronchioles, salivary gland, mammary gland and colon. MEC signals through the CCR10 receptor and chemoattracts resting CD4, CD8 T-cells and eosinophils. MEC contains six cysteines including the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in CC chemokines. Recombinant human MEC is a 12.3 kDa protein containing 108 amino acid residues.
Description: All three isoforms of GRO are CXC chemokines that can signal through the CXCR1 or CXCR2 receptors. The GRO proteins chemoattract and activate neutrophils and basophils. Recombinant rat GRO/KC is a 7.8 kDa protein consisting of 72 amino acids including the 'ELR' motif common to the CXC chemokine family that bind to CXCR1 or CXCR2.
Description: All three isoforms of GRO are CXC chemokines that can signal through the CXCR1 or CXCR2 receptors. The GRO proteins chemoattract and activate neutrophils and basophils. Recombinant rat GRO/KC is a 7.8 kDa protein consisting of 72 amino acids including the 'ELR' motif common to the CXC chemokine family that bind to CXCR1 or CXCR2.
Description: SCF is a hematopoietic growth factor that exerts its activity by signaling through the c-Kit receptor. SCF and c-Kit are essential for the survival, proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells committed to the melanocyte and germ cell lineages. Human SCF manifests low activity on murine cells, while murine and rat SCF are fully active on human cells. Recombinant murine SCF is an 18.3 kDa polypeptide containing 164 amino acid residues, which corresponds to the sequence of the secreted soluble form of SCF.
Description: SCF is a hematopoietic growth factor that exerts its activity by signaling through the c-Kit receptor. SCF and c-Kit are essential for the survival, proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells committed to the melanocyte and germ cell lineages. Human SCF manifests low activity on murine cells, while murine and rat SCF are fully active on human cells. Recombinant murine SCF is an 18.3 kDa polypeptide containing 164 amino acid residues, which corresponds to the sequence of the secreted soluble form of SCF.
Description: Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) is a potent growth factor that stimulates the proliferation of various epidermal and epithelial cells. Additionally, EGF has been shown to inhibit gastric secretion, and to be involved in wound healing. EGF signals through a receptor known as c-erbB, which is a class I tyrosine kinase receptor. This receptor also binds with TGF-alpha and VGF (vaccinia virus growth factor). Recombinant murine EGF is a 6.0 kDa globular protein containing 53 amino acid residues, including 3 intramolecular disulfide-bonds.
Description: Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) is a potent growth factor that stimulates the proliferation of various epidermal and epithelial cells. Additionally, EGF has been shown to inhibit gastric secretion, and to be involved in wound healing. EGF signals through a receptor known as c-erbB, which is a class I tyrosine kinase receptor. This receptor also binds with TGF-alpha and VGF (vaccinia virus growth factor). Recombinant murine EGF is a 6.0 kDa globular protein containing 53 amino acid residues, including 3 intramolecular disulfide-bonds.
Description: Stem Cell Factor (SCF) is a hematopoietic growth factor that exerts its activity by signaling through the c-Kit receptor. SCF and c-Kit are essential for the survival, proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells committed to the melanocyte and germ cell lineages. Human SCF manifests low activity on murine cells, while murine and rat SCF are fully active on human cells. Recombinant rat SCF is an 18.4 kDa polypeptide containing 154 amino acid residues, which corresponds to the sequence of the secreted soluble form of SCF.
Description: Stem Cell Factor (SCF) is a hematopoietic growth factor that exerts its activity by signaling through the c-Kit receptor. SCF and c-Kit are essential for the survival, proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells committed to the melanocyte and germ cell lineages. Human SCF manifests low activity on murine cells, while murine and rat SCF are fully active on human cells. Recombinant rat SCF is an 18.4 kDa polypeptide containing 154 amino acid residues, which corresponds to the sequence of the secreted soluble form of SCF.
Description: EGF is a potent growth factor that stimulates the proliferation of various epidermal and epithelial cells. Additionally, EGF has been shown to inhibit gastric secretion, and to be involved in wound healing. EGF signals through a receptor known as c-erbB, which is a class I tyrosine kinase receptor. This receptor also binds with TGF-α and VGF (vaccinia virus growth factor). Recombinant rat EGF is a 6.2 kDa globular protein containing 54 amino acid residues including 3 intramolecular disulfide-bonds.
Description: EGF is a potent growth factor that stimulates the proliferation of various epidermal and epithelial cells. Additionally, EGF has been shown to inhibit gastric secretion, and to be involved in wound healing. EGF signals through a receptor known as c-erbB, which is a class I tyrosine kinase receptor. This receptor also binds with TGF-α and VGF (vaccinia virus growth factor). Recombinant rat EGF is a 6.2 kDa globular protein containing 54 amino acid residues including 3 intramolecular disulfide-bonds.
Description: SCF is a hematopoietic growth factor that exerts its activity by signaling through the c-Kit receptor. SCF and c-Kit are essential for the survival, proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells committed to the melanocyte and germ cell lineages. Human SCF manifests low activity on murine cells, while murine and rat SCF are fully active on human cells. Recombinant murine SCF is an 18.3 kDa polypeptide containing 164 amino acid residues, which corresponds to the sequence of the secreted soluble form of SCF.
Description: HGF is a mesenchymally derived potent mitogen for mature parenchymal hepatocyte cells and acts as a growth factor for a broad spectrum of tissues and cell types. HGF signals through a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor known as MET. Activities of HGF include induction of cell proliferation, motility, morphogenesis, inhibition of cell growth, and enhancement of neuron survival. HGF is a crucial mitogen for liver regeneration processes, especially after partial hepatectomy and other liver injuries. Human and murine HGF are cross-reactive. Murine HGF is expressed as a linear 728 amino acid polypeptide precursor glycoprotein. Proteolytic processing of this precursor generates the biologically active form of HGF, which consists of two polypeptide chains (α-chain and β-chain) held by a single disulfide bond resulting in formation of a biologically active heterodimer. The α-chain consists of 463 amino acid residues and four kringle domains. The β-chain consists of 233 amino acid residues.*Manufactured using (BTI-Tn-5B1-4) cells under license from the Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Inc.
Description: HGF is a mesenchymally derived potent mitogen for mature parenchymal hepatocyte cells and acts as a growth factor for a broad spectrum of tissues and cell types. HGF signals through a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor known as MET. Activities of HGF include induction of cell proliferation, motility, morphogenesis, inhibition of cell growth, and enhancement of neuron survival. HGF is a crucial mitogen for liver regeneration processes, especially after partial hepatectomy and other liver injuries. Human and murine HGF are cross-reactive. Murine HGF is expressed as a linear 728 amino acid polypeptide precursor glycoprotein. Proteolytic processing of this precursor generates the biologically active form of HGF, which consists of two polypeptide chains (α-chain and β-chain) held by a single disulfide bond resulting in formation of a biologically active heterodimer. The α-chain consists of 463 amino acid residues and four kringle domains. The β-chain consists of 233 amino acid residues.*Manufactured using (BTI-Tn-5B1-4) cells under license from the Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Inc.
Description: TPO is a lineage specific growth factor, produced in the liver, kidney and skeletal muscle. It stimulates the proliferation and maturation of megakaryocytes, and promotes increased circulating levels of platelets in vivo. TPO signals through the c-mpl receptor and acts as an important regulator of circulating platelets. Human and murine TPO exhibits cross-species reactivity. Recombinant rat TPO is a fully biologically active 174 amino acid polypeptide (18.7 kDa), which contains the erythropoietin-like domain of the full length TPO protein.
Description: TPO is a lineage specific growth factor, produced in the liver, kidney and skeletal muscle. It stimulates the proliferation and maturation of megakaryocytes, and promotes increased circulating levels of platelets in vivo. TPO signals through the c-mpl receptor and acts as an important regulator of circulating platelets. Human and murine TPO exhibits cross-species reactivity. Recombinant rat TPO is a fully biologically active 174 amino acid polypeptide (18.7 kDa), which contains the erythropoietin-like domain of the full length TPO protein.
Description: EGF is a potent growth factor that stimulates the proliferation of various epidermal and epithelial cells. Additionally, EGF has been shown to inhibit gastric secretion, and to be involved in wound healing. EGF signals through a receptor known as c-erbB, which is a class I tyrosine kinase receptor. This receptor also binds with TGF-a and VGF (vaccinia virus growth factor). Recombinant human EGF is a 6.2 kDa globular protein containing 53 amino acid residues including 3 intramolecular disulfide-bonds.
Description: EGF is a potent growth factor that stimulates the proliferation of various epidermal and epithelial cells. Additionally, EGF has been shown to inhibit gastric secretion, and to be involved in wound healing. EGF signals through a receptor known as c-erbB, which is a class I tyrosine kinase receptor. This receptor also binds with TGF-a and VGF (vaccinia virus growth factor). Recombinant human EGF is a 6.2 kDa globular protein containing 53 amino acid residues including 3 intramolecular disulfide-bonds.
Description: KGF/FGF-7 is one of 23 known members of the FGF family. Proteins of this family play a central role during prenatal development and postnatal growth and regeneration of a variety of tissues, by promoting cellular proliferation and differentiation. KGF/FGF-7 is a mitogen factor specific for epithelial cells and keratinocytes. KGF/FGF-7 signals through FGFR 2b. KGF/FGF-7 plays a role in kidney and lung development, angiogenesis, and wound healing. Recombinant human KGF/FGF-7 is a 18.9 kDa protein consisting of 163 amino acid residues.
Description: SCF is a hematopoietic growth factor that exerts its activity by signaling through the c-Kit receptor. SCF and c-Kit are essential for the survival, proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells committed to the melanocyte and germ cell lineages. Human SCF manifests low activity on murine cells, while murine and rat SCF are fully active on human cells. Recombinant human SCF is an 18.4 kDa polypeptide containing 165 amino acid residues, which corresponds to the sequence of the secreted soluble form of SCF.
Description: TPO is a lineage specific growth factor, produced in the liver, kidney and skeletal muscle. It stimulates the proliferation and maturation of megakaryocytes, and promotes increased circulating levels of platelets in vivo. TPO signals through the c-mpl receptor and acts as an important regulator of circulating platelets. Human and murine TPO exhibits cross-species reactivity. Recombinant human TPO is a fully biologically active 174 amino acid polypeptide (18.6 kDa), which contains the erythropoietin-like domain of the full length TPO protein.
Description: HGF is a potent, mesenchymally-derived mitogen for mature parenchymal hepatocytes, and acts as a growth factor for a broad spectrum of tissues and cell types. HGF signals through a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor known as MET. Activities of HGF include the induction of cell proliferation, motility, morphogenesis, inhibition of cell growth, and enhancement of neuron survival. HGF is a crucial mitogen for liver regeneration processes, especially after partial hepatectomy and other liver injuries. Human and murine HGF are cross-reactive. Human HGF is expressed as a linear, polypeptide-precursor glycoprotein containing 697 amino acid residues. Proteolytic processing of this precursor generates the biologically active heterodimeric form of HGF, which consists of two polypeptide chains (α-chain and β-chain) held together by a single disulfide bond resulting in formation of a biologically active heterodimer. The α-chain consists of 463 amino acid residues and four kringle domains. The β-chain consists of 234 amino acid residues. Recombinant Human HGF, sourced from HEK293 cells, is a 79.4 kDa polypeptide consisting of 695 amino acid residues. As a result of glycosylation, Recombinant Human HGF migrates with an apparent molecular mass of approximately 68-85 kDa by SDS-PAGE gel, under non-reducing conditions.
Description: Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein hormone that is principally known for its role in erythropoiesis, where it is responsible for stimulating proliferation and differentiation of erythroid progenitor cells. The differentiation of CFU-E (Colony Forming Unit-Erythroid) cells into erythrocytes can only be accomplished in the presence of EPO. Physiological levels of EPO in adult mammals are maintained primarily by the kidneys, whereas levels in fetal or neonatal mammals are maintained by the liver. EPO also can exert various non-hematopoietic activities, including vascularization and proliferation of smooth muscle, neural protection during hypoxia, and stimulation of certain B cells. Human EPO contains 166 amino acid residues and has a calculated molecular weight of approximately 18.4 kDa. As a result of glycosylation, Recombinant Human EPO migrates with an apparent molecular mass of 37.0 kDa by SDS-PAGE gel, under reducing and non-reducing conditions.
Description: LIF is a pleiotrophic factor produced by multiple cell types, including T cells, myelomonocytic lineages, fibroblasts, liver, heart and melanoma. LIF promotes long-term maintenance of embryonic stem cells by suppressing spontaneous differentiation. Other activities include the stimulation of acute phase protein synthesis by hepatocytes, stimulation of differentiation of cholinergic nerves, and suppression of adipogenesis by inhibiting the lipoprotein lipase in adipocytes. While human LIF is active on mouse cells and is widely used in the maintenance of murine ESC to prevent spontaneous differentiation, mouse LIF is not active on human cells due to its inability to bind to the human LIF receptor. Recombinant Murine LIF is a 19.9 kDa protein containing 180 amino acids residues, including three disulfide bonds.
Description: LIF is a pleiotrophic factor produced by multiple cell types, including T cells, myelomonocytic lineages, fibroblasts, liver, heart and melanoma. LIF promotes long-term maintenance of embryonic stem cells by suppressing spontaneous differentiation. Other activities include the stimulation of acute phase protein synthesis by hepatocytes, stimulation of differentiation of cholinergic nerves, and suppression of adipogenesis by inhibiting the lipoprotein lipase in adipocytes. While human LIF is active on mouse cells and is widely used in the maintenance of murine ESC to prevent spontaneous differentiation, mouse LIF is not active on human cells due to its inability to bind to the human LIF receptor. Recombinant Human LIF is a 19.7 kDa protein containing 180 amino acid residues, including three disulfide bonds.
Description: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a small secreted protein that can act as a pleiotropic pro-inflammatory cytokine, as well as an enzyme. MIF pro-inflammatory activity can be initiated by signaling through CD74 and CD44, resulting in the secretion of TNF-a, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and various MMPs. The enzymatic activity of MIF is characterized by its ability to act as a tautomerase, capable of catalyzing the keto-to-enol isomerization of keto-phenylpyruvate and L-dopachrome. It appears as though MIF catalytic activity is dependent upon a trimeric configuration and a free N-terminal proline residue. Insect cell-derived Recombinant Human MIF is a 15 kDa protein containing 124 amino acid residues, including an N-terminal His-tag.
Description: Complement 5a (C5a) is an enzymatically generated glycoprotein belonging to the anaphylatoxin family of structurally and functionally related proteins. Generated upon the activation of the complement system, C5a, together with C4a, C3a, and the membrane attack complex (C5b-9), functions as a central player in host defense by inducing smooth muscle cell contraction, increased vascular permeability, and histamine release from mast cells and basophilic leukocytes through cell degranulation. In addition to acting as a direct mediator of localized inflammatory response, C5a also initiates both the synthesis and release of IL-8 from monocytes and bronchial epithelial cells, stimulates the proliferation of neurons and hepatocytes, and functions as a potent chemoattractant. Where C5a deficiency, a rare defect of the complement pathway caused by the mutation of the C5a gene, is associated with susceptibility to severe infections, excessive C5a activation has been linked to liver fibrosis, sepsis, adult respiratory distress syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer’s disease, and ischemic heart disease. Human C5a shares 60% and 54% sequence identity to mouse and rat C5a, respectively. The human C5 gene encodes a 1,676 amino acid glycoprotein that is comprised of a disulfide-linked C5 alpha and a C5 beta chain, the former of which contains the active, 74 amino acid C5a anaphylatoxin chain. Recombinant Human C5a is an 8.3 kDa glycoprotein containing the 74 amino acid residues of the C5a anaphylatoxin chain.
Description: IDO catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in the main pathway of human tryptophan catabolism, the kynurenine pathway. Proinflammatory mediators, such as endotoxin and IFN-gamma induce the expression of IDO in several tissues. IDO-dependent suppression of T cell responses might function as natural immunoregulatory mechanism. Physiological IDO activity has been implicated in T cell tolerance to tumors, dysfunctional selftolerance in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, and as a protective negative regulator in autoimmune disorders.
Description: The ST2 (Interleukin-1 receptor-like 1; Interleukin-33 receptor) gene was originally identified as a gene induced by serum or oncogene expression in fibroblasts. The gene produces a shorter soluble secreted form (ST2) and a longer, transmembrane form (ST2L) by alternative splicing. Soluble ST2 has been shown to downregulate the expression of TLR1 and TLR4. ST2L negatively regulates TLR4 signaling and induces endotoxin tolerance, and enhances Th2 responses. IL-33 is the specific ligand for ST2L.
Description: FTO (Fat mass-and obesity-associated gene) is the responsible gene for mouse ‘fused toes’ mutation. An association between FTO genotype and type 2 diabetes has been confirmed. The presence of the FTO rs9939609 A-allele was found to be positively correlated with other symptoms of the metabolic syndrome, including higher fasting insulin, glucose, triglycerides, and lower HDL-cholesterol.
Description: FTO (Fat mass-and obesity-associated gene) is the responsible gene for mouse ‘fused toes’ mutation. An association between FTO genotype and type 2 diabetes has been confirmed. The presence of the FTO rs9939609 A-allele was found to be positively correlated with other symptoms of the metabolic syndrome, including higher fasting insulin, glucose, triglycerides, and lower HDL-cholesterol.
Description: FTO (Fat mass-and obesity-associated gene) is the responsible gene for mouse ‘fused toes’ mutation. An association between FTO genotype and type 2 diabetes has been confirmed. The presence of the FTO rs9939609 A-allele was found to be positively correlated with other symptoms of the metabolic syndrome, including higher fasting insulin, glucose, triglycerides, and lower HDL-cholesterol.
Description: Parathyroid hormone is the most important endocrine regulator of calcium and phosphorus concentration in extracellular fluid. This hormone is secreted from cells of the parathyroid glands and finds its major target cells in bone and kidney. Another hormone, parathyroid hormone-related protein, binds to the same receptor as parathyroid hormone and has major effects on development. Like most other protein hormones, parathyroid hormone is synthesized as a preprohormone. After intracellular processing, the mature hormone is packaged within the Golgi into secretory vesicles, the secreted into blood by exocytosis. Parathyroid hormone is secreted as a linear protein of 84 amino acids.
Description: Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) is a lymphoid factor that promotes long-term maintenance of embryonic stem cells by suppressing spontaneous differentiation. LIF has a number of other activities including cholinergic neuron differentiation, control of stem cell pluripotency, bone and fat metabolism, mitogenesis of certain factor dependent cell lines and promotion of megakaryocyte production in vivo. Human and murine mature LIF exhibit a 78% sequence identity at the amino acid level. Human LIF is equally active on human and mouse cells. Murine LIF is approximately 1000 fold less active on human cells than human LIF.
Description: Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a small mitogenic protein that is thought to be involved in mechanisms such as normal cell growth, oncogenesis, and wound healing. This protein shows both strong sequential and functional homology with human type-alpha transforming growth factor (hTGF alpha), which is a competitor for EGF receptor sites. EGF is a small 53 amino acid residue long protein that contains three disulfide bridges
Description: Stem Cell Factor (SCF) is a hematopoietic growth factor that exerts its activity at the early stages of hematopoiesis. SCF stimulates the proliferation of myeloid, erythroid, and lymphoid progenitors in bone marrow cultures and has been shown to act synergistically with colony stimulating factors.
Description: Apurinic-Apyrimidinic Endonuclease 1 (APE1) is required for efficient DNA base excision repair. When the DNA glycosylase remove the damaged bases, APE1 cleaves the AP site to allow resynthesis and ligation to complete repair. APE1 stimulates the DNA binding activity of many transcription factors, which participate in cancer promotion and progression. APE1 regulates the redox state of multiple transcription factors, such as c-Jun, c-Fos, NF-kB, p53. APEN is also involved in calcium-dependent down-regulation of PTH expression.
Description: BH3-Interacting Domain Death Agonist (BID) is a member of the Bcl-2 protein family which regulates outer mitochondrial membrane permeability. BID is a pro-apoptotic member that causes cytochrome c to be released from the mitochondria intermembrane space into the cytosol. Interaction of Bid with Bak causes altered mitochondrial membrane permeability. BID contains only the BH3 domain, which is required for its interaction with the Bcl-2 family proteins and for its pro-death activity. BID is susceptible to proteolytic cleavage by caspases, calpains, Granzyme B and cathepsins. It is an integrating key regulator of the intrinsic death pathway that amplifies caspase-dependent and caspase-independent execution of neuronal apoptosis. Therefore pharmacological inhibition of BID provides a promising therapeutic strategy in neurological diseases where programmed cell death is prominent, and also offer a new strategy for the treatment of acute renal failure associated with ischemia-reperfusion. BID receives direct inputs from a key regulator of the cell cycle arrest/DNA repair machinery (ATM), and therefore is an excellent candidate to coordinate genotoxic stress responses and apoptotic cell death. BID is a novel pro-apoptosis Bcl-2 family protein that is activated by caspase 8 in response to Fas/TNF-R1 death receptor signals. Deletion of BID inhibits carcinogenesis in the liver, although this genetic alteration promotes tumorigenesis in the myeloid cells. This is likely related to the function of BID to promote cell cycle progression into S phase. BID could be also involved in the maintenance of genomic stability by engaging at mitosis checkpoint.
Description: Human Deoxyhypusine Synthase (DHS) is vital for the first step of hypusine biosynthesis. DHS catalyzes the NAD-dependent oxidative cleavage of spermidine, the subsequent transfer of the butylamine moiety of spermidine to the epsilon-amino group of a specific lysine residue of the eIF-5A precursor protein to form the intermediate deoxyhypusine residue.
Description: Melanoma Inhibitory Activity Protein (MIA) is an autocrine growth regulatory protein secreted from chondrocytes and malignant melanoma cells, which was the first discovered member of a family of secreted cytokines termed the MIA/OTOR family. The four known members of this family: MIA, MIA2, OTOR and TANGO each contain a Src homology-3 (SH3)-like domain. MIA acts as a potent tumor cell growth inhibitor for malignant melanoma cells and some other neuroectodermal tumors, including gliomas, in an autocrine fashion and promotes melanoma metastasis by binding competitively to fibronectin and laminin in a manner that results in melanoma cell detachment from the extracellular matrix in vivo. The protein MIA has been shown to represent a very sensitive and specific serum marker for systemic malignant melanoma that might be useful for staging of primary melanomas, detection of progression from localized to metastatic disease during follow-up, and monitoring therapy of advanced melanomas. Elevated levels of MIA may represent a clinically useful marker for diagnosis of melanoma metastasis as well as a potential marker for rheumatoid arthritis.
Description: Nucleolar protein 3 is encoded by NOL3 gene. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. So far, Nucleolar protein 3 has show to have two Isoforms. Isoform 1 may be involved in RNA splicing.Isoform 2 may inhibit apoptosis.It has been shown to down-regulate the enzyme activities of caspase 2, caspase 8 and tumor protein p53.
Description: Nucleolar Protein 3 is encoded by NOL3 gene; multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. So far, Nucleolar protein 3 has show to have two Isoforms. Isoform 1 may be involved in RNA splicing.Isoform 2 may inhibit apoptosis.It has been shown to down-regulate the enzyme activities of caspase 2, caspase 8 and tumor protein p53.
Description: C-reactive protein (CRP) belongs to the pentaxin family. CRP is a secreted protein found in plasma. It can binds two calcium ions per subunit.CRP can promotes phagocytosis, bacterial capsular swelling, complement fixation and agglutination through its calcium-dependent binding to phosphorylcholine which expressed on the surface of dead or dying cells. It can activate the complement system via the C1Q complex. CRP can interact with DNA and histones. In addition, CRP may scavenge nuclear material released from damaged circulating cells.
Description: Human Dynein Cytoplasmic Light Chain 1 (DYNLL1) has been identified as a protein that interacts with NOS1, leading to NOS1 inhibition. NOS1 dimer is destabilized after binding DYNLL1 a conformation necessary activity, and it regulate numerous biologic processes throughits effects on nitric oxide synthase activity. DYNLL1 is widely expressed, with higher expression in testis and moderate expression in brain.
Description: U6 snRNA-associated Sm-like protein LSm4 (LSM4) is a member of the snRNP Sm proteins family. Sm-like proteins contain the Sm sequence motif and are thought to form a stable heteromer present in tri-snRNP particles, which are important for pre-mRNA splicing. LSM4 forms a heteromer with a donut shape. The complexes are involved in various steps of RNA metabolism. LSM4 binds specifically to the 3-terminal U-tract of U6 snRNA. LSM4 contributes RNA protein interactions and structural changes which are essential during ribosomal subunit assembly.
Description: Pterin-4- alpha-Carbinolamine Dehydratase (PCBD1) is the founding member of the Pterin-4- alpha-Carbinolamine Dehydratase Family. PCBD1 is involved in Tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis. It seems to prevent the formation of 7-Pterins and accelerate the formation of Quinonoid-BH2. Furthermore, PCBD1 regulates the homodimerization of the transcription factor Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1 (HNF1) and enhances its transcriptional activity. Defects in PCBD1 are the cause of BH4-Deficient Hyperphenylalaninemia Type D (HPABH4D). HPABH4D is characterized by the excretion of 7-substituted Pterins in the urine of affected patients.
Description: Apoptosis-Inducing Factor 1, Mitochondrial (AIFM1) is a flavoprotein essential for nuclear disassembly in apoptotic cells that is found in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in healthy cells. During apoptosis, it is translocated from the mitochondria to the nucleus to function as a proapoptotic factor in a caspase-independent pathway, while in normal mitochondria, it functions as an antiapoptotic factor via its oxidoreductase activity. The soluble form (AIFsol) found in the nucleus induces parthanatos i.e., caspase-independent fragmentation of chromosomal DNA. AIFM1 interacts with EIF3G, and thereby inhibits the EIF3 machinery and protein synthesis, and activates casapse-7 to amplify apoptosis. It binds to DNA in a sequence-independent manner and plays a critical role in caspase-independent, pyknotic cell death in hydrogen peroxide-exposed cells.
Description: Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1B (CDKN1B) is a Kinesin-related motor protein necessary for mitotic spindle assembly and chromosome segregation. CDKN1B is expressed in all tissues with highest levels observed in skeletal muscle. CDKN1B is a potent inhibitor of Cyclin E- and Cyclin A-CDK2 complexes. CDKN1B forms a complex with Cyclin Type D-CDK4 complexes and is involved in the assembly, stability, and modulation of CCND1-CDK4 complex activation. In addition, CDKN1B acts as an inhibitor or an activator of Cyclin Type D-CDK4 complexes depending on its phosphorylation state and stoichometry.
Description: TNFRSF11B is a secreted protein, containing 2 death domains and 4 TNFR-Cys repeats. TNFRSF11B is a decoy receptor for the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL). By binding RANKL, TNFRSF11B inhibits nuclear kappa B (NF-κB) which is a central and rapid acting transcription factor for immune-related genes, and a key regulator of inflammation, innate immunity, and cell survival and differentiation. TNFRSF11B levels are influenced by voltage-dependent calcium channelsCav1.2. TNFRSF11B can reduce the production of osteoclasts by inhibiting the differentiation of osteoclast precursors (osteoclasts are related to monocytes/macrophages and are derived from granulocyte/macrophage-forming colony units (CFU-GM)) into osteoclasts and also regulates the resorption of osteoclasts in vitroand in vivo. TNFRSF11B binding to RANKL on osteoblast/stromal cells, blocks the RANKL-RANK ligand interaction between osteoblast/stromal cells and osteoclast precursors. This has the effect of inhibiting the differentiation of the osteoclast precursor into a mature osteoclast.
Description: Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Receptor (CAR) belongs to the CTX family of the Ig superfamily. CXADR is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein and expressed in pancreas, brain, heart, small intestine, testis, prostate. It is a receptor that mediates gene transfer and also act as an adhesion molecule within junctional complexes, notably between epithelial cells lining body cavities and within myocardial intercalated discs. CXADR contains an extracellular domain, a transmembrane helix and a C-terminal intracellular domain. The C-terminal interacts with few cytoplasmic junctional proteins, microtubules and the actin cytoskeleton.
Description: Lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) is a plasma protein, belongs to a member of structurally and functionally related proteins which includes bactericidal permeability-increasing protein (BPI), plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP). It is involved in the acute-phase immunologic response to gram-negative bacterial infections. In cooperation with BPI. LBP binds LPS and interacts with the CD14 receptor, most likely playing a role in regulating LPS-dependent monocyte responses. Studies suggest that LBP is necessary for the rapid acute-phase response to LPS but not for the clearance of LPS from circulation. Finally, t The LBP gene is found on chromosome 20, directly downstream of the BPI gene.
Description: Recombinant Human Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator is a serine protease, which specifically cleaves the zymogen plasminogen to form the active enzyme plasmin. Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator is a potent marker of invasion and metastasis in many human cancers associated with breast, colon, stomach, bladder, brain, ovary and endometrium. Human Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator is initially synthesized as 431 amino acid precursor with a N-terminal signal peptide residues. The single chain molecule is processed into a disulfide-linked two-chain molecule. There exists two forms A chain, the long A chain contains an EGF-like domain that is responsible for binding of the uPA receptor. The B chain corresponds to the catalytic domain.
Description: Zinc- alpha-2-Glycoprotein (AZGP1) can be found in blood plasma, seminal plasma, urine, sweat, saliva, liver, and epithelial cells of various human glands. AZGP1 has been proposed in the regulation of body weight, and the melanin production by normal and malignant melanocytes. AZGP1 stimulates lipid degradation in adipocytes and causes the extensive fat losses associated with some advanced cancers. AZGP1 has been reported to stimulate lipid breakdown and may have an important role in lipid homeostasis. Mature human AZGP1 consists of one MHC class I antigen region and a C2-type Ig-like domain. AZGP1 has two alternate splice forms, one shows a 66 amino acids substitution for the C-terminal 30 amino acids, the other one shows a nine Lys substitution for amino acid 151-298.
Description: T-Cell Antigen CD7 is a single-pass type I membrane protein that that belongs to the the immunoglobulin superfamily. Human CD7 is synthesized as a 240 amino acid precursor that contains a 25 amino acid signal sequence and a 215 amino acid mature chain with a Ig-like (immunoglobulin-like) domain. CD7 is normally expressed on all T-lymphocytes, NK-cells, pre-B lymphocytes and pleuripotent hematopoietic stem cells. CD7 plays an essential role in T-cell interactions, T-cell/B-cell interaction during early lymphoid development, T- and NK-cell activation and cytokine production. CD7 has been shown to interact with PIK3R1and SECTM1. However, the function of the CD7 protein in the immune system is still largely unknown.
Description: WAP Four-Disulfide Core Domain Protein 2 (WFDC2) is a 25 kDa secreted glycoprotein containing two WAP domains. Mature human WFDC2 is 94 amino acids (aa) in length. It contains two WAP domains that likely mediate antiprotease and/or antimicrobial activity (aa 31 - 73 and 74 - 123). There are four potential splice variants. One shows a deletion of aa 27-74, while three others show aa substitutions: 28 aa for aa 75-124, 23 aa for aa 1 - 74, and 10 aa for aa 71-124. WFDC2 is a member of a family of stable 4-disulfide core proteins that are secreted at high levels. It is expressed by a wide variety of epithelial cells, including respiratory epithelium, salivary gland mucous cells, breast duct epithelium, distal tubule renal epithelium, and epididymal epithelium. WFDC2 may be a component of the innate immune defences of the lung, nasal and oral cavities and suggest that WFDC2 functions in concert with related WAP domain containing proteins in epithelial host defence. WFDC2 re-expression in lung carcinomas may prove to be associated with tumour type and should be studied in further detail. Mammary gland expression of tammar WFDC2 during the course of lactation showed WFDC2 was elevated during pregnancy, reduced in early lactation and absent in mid-late lactation. WFDC2 can undergo a complex series of alternative splicing events that can potentially yield five distinct WAP domain containing protein isoforms.
Description: Nogo Receptor (NgR) is a glycosylphosphoinositol (GPI)-anchored protein that belongs to the Nogo recptor family. Human NgR is predominantly expressed in neurons and their axons in the central nervous systems. As a receptor for myelin-derived proteins Nogo, myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (OMG), NgR mediates axonal growth inhibition and may play a role in regulating axonal regeneration and plasticity in the adult central nervous system. NgR may be proposed as a potential drug target for treatment of various neurological conditions. Additionally, NgR may play a role in regulating the function of gap junctions.
Description: Mouse Leukemia inhibitory factor（lif）is a secreted protein which belongs to the LIF/OSM family.LIF has been implicated in a many physiological processes including development, hematopoiesis, bone metabolism, and inflammation. it has the capacity to induce terminal differentiation in leukemic cells. Its activities include the induction of hematopoietic differentiation in normal and myeloid leukemia cells, the induction of neuronal cell differentiation, and the stimulation of acute-phase protein synthesis in hepatocytes.
Description: Human DUSP3 belongs to the dual specificity protein phosphatase subfamily. DUSPs are a heterogeneous group of protein phosphatases that can dephosphorylate both phosphotyrosine and phosphoserine/phosphothreonine residues within the one substrate. These phosphatases inactivate their target kinases by dephosphorylating both the phosphoserine/threonine and phosphotyrosine residues. DUSPs are major modulators of critical signalling pathways that are dysregulated in various diseases. They negatively regulate members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase superfamily, which are associated with cellular proliferation and differentiation. DUSP3 is expressed in human tissues including breast and ovarian.DUSP3 shows activity both for tyrosine-protein phosphate and serine-protein phosphate, but displays a strong preference toward phosphotyrosines. Human DUSP3 specifically dephosphorylates and inactivates ERK1 and ERK2.
Description: Mouse stem cell factor (SCF), is the ligand for the receptor-type protein-tyrosine kinase KIT. It plays an essential role in the regulation of cell survival and proliferation, hematopoiesis, stem cell maintenance, gametogenesis, mast cell development, migration and function, and in melanogenesis. KITLG/SCF binding can activate several signaling pathways. It also promotes phosphorylation of PIK3R1, which is the regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and subsequent activation of the kinase AKT1. KITLG/SCF and KIT also transmit signals via GRB2 and activation of RAS, RAF1 and the MAP kinases MAPK1/ERK2 and/or MAPK3/ERK1. KITLG/SCF and KIT promote activation of STAT family members STAT1, STAT3 and STAT5.
Description: Human Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein,also known as MAG, Siglec-4,is a cell membrane glycoprotein that is a member of the SIGLEC family of proteins.MAG contains 4 Ig-like C2-type domains and 1 Ig-like V-type domain.MAG is believed to be involved in myelination during nerve regeneration. it is a adhesion molecule in postnatal neural development that mediates sialic-acid dependent cell-cell interactions between neuronal and myelinating cells and Preferentially binds to alpha-2,3-linked sialic acid.
Description: Vitamin D-Binding Protein (DBP) is a member of the ALB/AFP/VDB family. DBP is a secreted protein and contains three albumin domains. The primary structure contains 28 cysteine residues forming multiple disulfide bonds. DBP acts as a multifunctional protein found in plasma, ascitic fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine and on the surface of many cell types. DBP binds to vitamin D and its plasma metabolites and transports them to target tissues. DBP associates with membrane-bound immunoglobulin on the surface of B-lymphocytes and with IgG Fc receptor on the membranes of T-lymphocytes.
Description: Insulin-Degrading Enzyme (IDE) is a secreted enzyme that belongs to the peptidase M16 family. IDE is a large zinc-binding protease and cleaves multiple short polypeptides that vary considerably in sequence. IDE plays a role in the cellular breakdown of insulin, IAPP, glucagon, bradykinin, kallidin, and other peptides, and thereby plays a role in intercellular peptide signaling. IDE degrades amyloid formed by APP and IAPP. IDE may participate in the degradation and clearance of naturally secreted amyloid beta -protein by neurons and microglia. IDE, which migrates at 110 kDa during gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions, has since been shown to have additional substrates, including the signaling peptides glucagon, TGF alpha and beta -endorphin.
Description: Bactericidal permeability-increasing protein(BPI for short), is a secreted protein which belongs to the BPI/LBP/Plunc superfamily, BPI/LBP family. It exists as a monomer or a disulfide-linked homodimer. The cytotoxic action of BPI is limited to many species of Gram-negative bacteria. This specificity may be explained by a strong affinity of the very basic N-terminal half for the negatively charged lipopolysaccharides that are unique to the Gram-negative bacterial outer envelope. BPI has antibacterial activity against the Gram-nagative bacterium P.aeruginosa, and this activity is inhibited by LPS from P.aeruginosa.
Description: T-cell surface antigen CD2 is also known as Erythrocyte receptor, LFA-2, LFA-3 receptor, Rosette receptor, T-cell surface antigen T11/Leu-5. It is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD2 gene. It is a single-pass type I membrane protein. contains 1 Ig-like C2-type domain and 1 Ig-like V-type domain. T-cell surface antigen CD2 interacts with lymphocyte function-associated antigen (LFA-3) and CD48/BCM1 to mediate adhesion between T-cells and other cell types. It is implicated in the triggering of T-cells, the cytoplasmic domain is implicated in the signaling function.
Description: FAS(TNFRSF6) is a receptor and contains three TNFR-Cys repeats and one death domain. It has been shown that FAS is involved in the physiological regulation of programmed cell death, and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various malignancies and diseases of the immune system. FADD (adapter molecule) recruits caspase-8 to the activated receptor, the resulting death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) performs caspase-8 proteolytic activation which initiates the subsequent cascade of caspases mediating apoptosis. FAS-mediated apoptosis may play a role in the induction of peripheral tolerance, in the antigen-stimulated suicide of mature T-cells, or both.
Description: Stem Cell Factor (SCF) is a hematopoietic growth factor that exerts its activity at the early stages of hematopoiesis. SCF stimulates the proliferation of myeloid, erythroid, and lymphoid progenitors in bone marrow cultures and has been shown to act synergistically with colony stimulating factors.
Description: Tissue-type plasminogen activator (PLAT) is a protein that secreted into extracellular space. PLAT contains five domains: EGF-like domain, fibronectin type-I domain, 2 kringle domains and peptidase S1 domain. It belongs to the peptidase S1 family. The main function of this protein is to convert plasminogen into biologically active plasmin. As a protease, PLAT plays a crucial role in regulating blood fibrinolysis, maintaining the homeostasis of extracellular matrix and in modulating the post-translational activation of growth factors. PLAT is found not only in the blood, where its primary function is as a thrombolytic enzyme, but also in the central nervous system (CNS). It participates in a number of physiological and pathological events in the CNS, as well as the role of neuroserpin as the natural regulator of PLAT's activity in these processes. Increased or decreased activity of PLAT leads to hyperfibrinolysis or hypofibrinolysis, respectively. In addition, as a cytokine, PLAT plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of renal interstitial fibrosis through diverse mechanisms. Thus, as a fibrogenic cytokine, it promotes the progression of kidney diseases.
Description: Apoptosis Regulator BAX (BAX) belongs to the Bcl-2 family. BAX exists as a homodimer and is expressed in a wide variety of tissues. The Bax gene encodes different isoforms including Bax alpha (21 kDa) and Bax beta (24 kDa). Although both isoforms contain BH1, BH2 and BH3 domains, Bax beta has a unique carboxyl terminus and does not contain a hydrophobic transmembrane domain. BAX accelerates programmed cell death by binding to, and antagonizing the apoptosis repressor BCL2 or its adenovirus homolog E1B 19k protein. BAX also promotes activation of CASP3, and thereby apoptosis.
Description: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor(MIF) is a secreted protein and belongs to the MIF family. MIF is an important regulator of innate immunity. The circulating MIF binds to CD74 on other immune cells to trigger an acute immune response. Hence MIF is classified as an inflammatory cytokine. Furthermore glucocorticoids also stimulate white blood cells to release MIF and hence MIF partially counter acts the inhibitory effects that glucocorticoids have on the immune system. Finally trauma activates the anterior pituitary gland to release MIF.
Description: EGF is a single-pass type I membrane protein,containing 8 LDL-receptor class B repeats and 9 EGF-like domains. EGF results in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival.EGF is a low-molecular-weight polypeptide first purified from the mouse submandibular gland, but since then found in many human tissues including submandibular gland, parotid gland. Salivary EGF, which seems also regulated by dietary inorganic iodine, also plays an important physiological role in the maintenance of oro-esophageal and gastric tissue integrity. The biological effects of salivary EGF include healing of oral and gastroesophageal ulcers, inhibition of gastric acid secretion, stimulation of DNA synthesis as well as mucosal protection from intraluminal injurious factors such as gastric acid, bile acids, pepsin, and trypsin and to physical, chemical and bacterial agents.
Description: Human MIF is a 12.5 kDa, 115 amino acid (aa) nonglycosylated polypeptide that is synthesized without asignal sequence .Secretion occurs nonclassically via an ABCA1 transporter.Pro-inflammatory cytokine.Involved in the innate immune response to bacterial pathogens. The expression of MIF at sites ofinflammation suggests a role as mediator in regulating the function of acrophages in host defense.Counteracts the anti-inflammatory activity of glucocorticoids. Has phenylpyruvate tautomerase anddopachrome tautomerase activity (in vitro), but the physiological substrate is not known. It is not clearwhether the tautomerase activity has any physiological relevance, and whether it is important for cytokineactivity.
Description: Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase-like N (PTPRN) belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family and receptor class 8 subfamily. PTPRN contains 1 tyrosine-protein phosphatase domain, is expressed in neuroendocrine cells only. PTPs are known to be signaling molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, mitotic cycle, and oncogenic transformation. It implicated in neuroendocrine secretory processes. It may be involved in processes specific for neurosecretory granules, such as their biogenesis, trafficking or regulated exocytosis or may have a general role in neuroendocrine functions. It seems to lack intrinsic enzyme activity, may play a role in the regulation of secretory granules via its interaction with SNTB2. This PTP was found to be an autoantigen that is reactive with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patient sera, and thus may be a potential target of autoimmunity in diabetes mellitus.
Description: Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase-like N (PTPRN) belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family and receptor class 8 subfamily. PTPRN contains 1 tyrosine-protein phosphatase domain, is expressed in neuroendocrine cells only. PTPs are known to be signaling molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, mitotic cycle, and oncogenic transformation. It implicated in neuroendocrine secretory processes. It may be involved in processes specific for neurosecretory granules, such as their biogenesis, trafficking or regulated exocytosis or may have a general role in neuroendocrine functions. It seems to lack intrinsic enzyme activity, may play a role in the regulation of secretory granules via its interaction with SNTB2. This PTP was found to be an autoantigen that is reactive with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patient sera, and thus may be a potential target of autoimmunity in diabetes mellitus.
Description: Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase-like N (PTPRN) belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family and receptor class 8 subfamily. PTPRN contains 1 tyrosine-protein phosphatase domain, is expressed in neuroendocrine cells only. PTPs are known to be signaling molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, mitotic cycle, and oncogenic transformation. It implicated in neuroendocrine secretory processes. It may be involved in processes specific for neurosecretory granules, such as their biogenesis, trafficking or regulated exocytosis or may have a general role in neuroendocrine functions. It seems to lack intrinsic enzyme activity, may play a role in the regulation of secretory granules via its interaction with SNTB2. This PTP was found to be an autoantigen that is reactive with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patient sera, and thus may be a potential target of autoimmunity in diabetes mellitus.
Description: KLK3, also known as APS, is short for Prostate-specific antigen. It is a 261 aa. protein which belongs to the peptidase S1 family and Kallikrein subfamily. This protein has 5 isforms produced by alternative splicing. It is a secreted protein and can forms a heterodimer with SERPINA5 which can inhibit its activity. KLK3 is also strongly inhibited by Zn2+, 100 times more abundant in semen than in serum. This inhibition is relieved by exposure to semenogelins, which are avid zinc binders. KLK3 can hydrolyzes semenogelin-1 thus leading to the liquefaction of the seminal coagulum.
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Schwann Cell Cultures: Biology, Expertise and Therapeutics
Schwann cell (SC) cultures from experimental animals and human donors will be ready utilizing almost any kind of nerve at any stage of maturation to render stage- and patient-specific populations. Strategies to isolate, purify, develop in quantity, and differentiate SCs from grownup, postnatal and embryonic sources are environment friendly and reproducible as these have resulted from amassed refinements launched over many a long time of labor.
Albeit some exceptions, SCs will be passaged extensively whereas sustaining their regular proliferation and differentiation controls. Because of their lineage dedication and powerful resistance to tumorigenic transformation, SCs are secure to be used in therapeutic approaches within the peripheral and central nervous programs.
This evaluate summarizes the evolution of labor that led to the strong applied sciences used at present in SC culturing together with the primary options of the first and expanded SCs that make them irreplaceable fashions to grasp SC biology in well being and illness. Conventional and rising approaches in SC tradition are mentioned in mild of their potential functions.
Lastly, some fundamental assumptions in vitro SC fashions are recognized in an try and uncover the mixed worth of previous and new developments in tradition protocols and the mobile merchandise which might be derived.
Atherosclerosis: cellbiology and lipoproteins
Objective of evaluate: Lipoproteins have vital function in each the promotion and prevention of atherosclerosis. This transient evaluate will concentrate on latest stories on relationship between HDL and HDL subclasses and their composition and performance, the function of apoC-III in metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, the affect of Lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) on endothelial cells, and the mechanism of uptake of aggregated LDL by macrophages.
Latest findings: The complexity of the protein and lipid content material of murine and human HDL and their relationship to its ldl cholesterol efflux capability have been examined. HDL has additionally been proven to have each antiatherogenic and proatherogenic properties.
The connection between apoC-III and LPL exercise, apoprotein E mediated clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and the potential significance of apoC-III within the elevated threat of heart problems in kind 1 diabetics has been investigated. Oxidized phospholipid in Lp(a) promotes endothelial cells inflammatory and glycolytic responses.
TLR4 participates within the uptake of aggregated LDL to contribute to foam cell formation. Abstract: These research contribute to our mechanistic understanding of how lipoproteins contribute to atherogenesis and determine potential therapeutic targets.
Description: RalA-binding protein 1, also called Ral-interacting protein 1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RALBP1 gene. Small G proteins, such as RAL, have GDP-bound inactive and GTP-bound active forms, which shift from the inactive to the active state through the action of RALGDS, which in turn is activated by RAS. RALBP1 plays a role in receptor-mediated endocytosis and is a downstream effector of the small GTP-binding protein RAL. RALBP1 is also the dominant transporter of lipid peroxidation-derived glutathione conjugates and participates in several mitotic events, including inactivation of endocytosis and separation and polar movement of centrioles and appropriate distribution of mitochondria to daughter cells following mitosis.
Description: This gene is a member of the septin gene family of nucleotide binding proteins, originally described in yeast as cell division cycle regulatory proteins. Septins are highly conserved in yeast, Drosophila, and mouse and appear to regulate cytoskeletal organization. Disruption of septin function disturbs cytokinesis and results in large multinucleate or polyploid cells. This gene is mapped to 22q11, the region frequently deleted in DiGeorge and velocardiofacial syndromes. A translocation involving the MLL gene and this gene has also been reported in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. The presence of a non-consensus polyA signal (AACAAT) in this gene also results in read-through transcription into the downstream neighboring gene (GP1BB; platelet glycoprotein Ib), whereby larger, non-coding transcripts are produced.
Description: This gene encodes a protein that is highly similar to the CDC10 protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The protein also shares similarity with Diff 6 of Drosophila and with H5 of mouse. Each of these similar proteins, including the yeast CDC10, contains a GTP-binding motif. The yeast CDC10 protein is a structural component of the 10 nm filament which lies inside the cytoplasmic membrane and is essential for cytokinesis. This human protein functions in gliomagenesis and in the suppression of glioma cell growth, and it is required for the association of centromere-associated protein E with the kinetochore. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Several related pseudogenes have been identified on chromosomes 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 17 and 19.
Description: This gene is a member of the septin family of GTPases. Members of this family are required for cytokinesis and the maintenance of cellular morphology. This gene encodes a protein that can form homo- and heterooligomeric filaments, and may contribute to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found but the full-length nature of these variants has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]
Description: This gene is a member of the septin family of GTPases. Members of this family are required for cytokinesis. One version of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia is the result of a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 11 and X, with the breakpoint associated with the genes encoding the mixed-lineage leukemia and septin 2 proteins. This gene encodes four transcript variants encoding three distinct isoforms. An additional transcript variant has been identified, but its biological validity has not been determined.
Description: This gene is a member of the septin family involved in cytokinesis and cell cycle control. This gene is a candidate for the ovarian tumor suppressor gene. Mutations in this gene cause hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy, also known as neuritis with brachial predilection. A chromosomal translocation involving this gene on chromosome 17 and the MLL gene on chromosome 11 results in acute myelomonocytic leukemia. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described.
Description: This gene is a member of the septin family of nucleotide binding proteins, originally described in yeast as cell division cycle regulatory proteins. Septins are highly conserved in yeast, Drosophila, and mouse, and appear to regulate cytoskeletal organization. Disruption of septin function disturbs cytokinesis and results in large multinucleate or polyploid cells. This gene is highly expressed in brain and heart. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene. One of the isoforms (known as ARTS) is distinct; it is localized to the mitochondria, and has a role in apoptosis and cancer.
Description: This gene encodes a protein that is highly similar to the CDC10 protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The protein also shares similarity with Diff 6 of Drosophila and with H5 of mouse. Each of these similar proteins, including the yeast CDC10, contains a GTP-binding motif. The yeast CDC10 protein is a structural component of the 10 nm filament which lies inside the cytoplasmic membrane and is essential for cytokinesis. This human protein functions in gliomagenesis and in the suppression of glioma cell growth, and it is required for the association of centromere-associated protein E with the kinetochore. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Several related pseudogenes have been identified on chromosomes 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 17 and 19.
Description: This gene is a member of the septin family of nucleotide binding proteins, originally described in yeast as cell division cycle regulatory proteins. Septins are highly conserved in yeast, Drosophila, and mouse, and appear to regulate cytoskeletal organization. Disruption of septin function disturbs cytokinesis and results in large multinucleate or polyploid cells. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
Description: This gene is a member of the septin gene family of nucleotide binding proteins, originally described in yeast as cell division cycle regulatory proteins. Septins are highly conserved in yeast, Drosophila, and mouse and appear to regulate cytoskeletal organization. Disruption of septin function disturbs cytokinesis and results in large multinucleate or polyploid cells. This gene is mapped to 22q11, the region frequently deleted in DiGeorge and velocardiofacial syndromes. A translocation involving the MLL gene and this gene has also been reported in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. The presence of a non-consensus polyA signal (AACAAT) in this gene also results in read-through transcription into the downstream neighboring gene (GP1BB; platelet glycoprotein Ib), whereby larger, non-coding transcripts are produced.
Description: This gene is a member of the septin family of nucleotide binding proteins, originally described in yeast as cell division cycle regulatory proteins. Septins are highly conserved in yeast, Drosophila, and mouse, and appear to regulate cytoskeletal organization. Disruption of septin function disturbs cytokinesis and results in large multinucleate or polyploid cells. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
Description: This gene encodes a guanine-nucleotide binding protein and member of the septin family of cytoskeletal GTPases. Septins play important roles in cytokinesis, exocytosis, embryonic development, and membrane dynamics. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
Description: This is Competitive Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antibody Detection.detection of Human Anti-Anti-Sperm Antibody Antibody (Anti-AsAb) in serum, plasma and other biological fluids.
Human Anti-Anti-Sperm Antibody Antibody (Anti-AsAb) ELISA Kit
Description: This is Competitive Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antibody Detection.detection of Human Anti-Anti-Sperm Antibody Antibody (Anti-AsAb) in serum, plasma and other biological fluids.
Human Anti-Anti-Sperm Antibody Antibody (Anti-AsAb) ELISA Kit
Description: This is Competitive Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antibody Detection.detection of Human Anti-Anti-Sperm Antibody Antibody (Anti-AsAb) in serum, plasma and other biological fluids.
Human Anti-Anti-Sperm Antibody Antibody (Anti-AsAb) ELISA Kit
Description: This is Competitive Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antibody Detection.detection of Human Anti-Anti-Sperm Antibody Antibody (Anti-AsAb) in serum, plasma and other biological fluids.
Human Anti-Anti-Sperm Antibody Antibody (Anti-AsAb) ELISA Kit
Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Competitive Inhibition method for detection of Human Anti-Anti-Sperm Antibody Antibody (Anti-AsAb) in samples from serum, plasma and other biological fluids with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species.
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