The State of Artwork of Regenerative Remedy in Cardiovascular Ischemic Illness: Biology, Signaling Pathways, and Epigenetics of Endothelial Progenitor Cells
Ischemic coronary heart illness is presently a serious reason for mortality and morbidity worldwide. Nonetheless, the precise therapeutic situation doesn’t goal myocardial cell regeneration and consequently, the development towards the late stage of power coronary heart failure is frequent. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are bone marrow-derived stem cells that contribute to the homeostasis of the endothelial wall in acute and power ischemic illness. Calcium modulation and different molecular pathways (NOTCH, VEGFR, and CXCR4) contribute to EPC proliferation and differentiation. The current evaluate supplies a abstract of EPC biology with a selected concentrate on the regulatory pathways of EPCs and describes promising functions for cardiovascular cell remedy.
Understanding angiodiversity: insights from single cellbiology
Blood vessels have lengthy been thought-about as passive conduits for delivering blood. Nevertheless, lately, cells of the vessel wall (endothelial cells, clean muscle cells and pericytes) have emerged as lively, extremely dynamic parts that orchestrate crosstalk between the circulation and organs.
Encompassing the entire physique and being specialised to the wants of distinct organs, it’s not shocking that vessel lining cells come in several flavours.
There may be calibre-specific specialization (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins), but in addition organ-specific heterogeneity in several microvascular beds (steady, discontinuous, sinusoidal).
Latest technical advances within the discipline of single cell biology have enabled the profiling of hundreds of single cells and, therefore, have allowed for the molecular dissection of such angiodiversity, yielding a hitherto unparalleled stage of spatial and useful decision.
Right here, we evaluate how these approaches have contributed to our understanding of angiodiversity.
Description: Protein CutA (CUTA) posseses a signal peptide and is widely expressed in brain. CUTA mayforms part of a complex of membrane proteins attached to acetylcholinesterase (AChE). CUTA takes part in cellular tolerance to a broad range of divalent cations other than copper. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, both protein-coding and non-protein-coding, have been found.
Description: FAM3C, also called interleukin-like EMT inducer, usually exist in most secretory epithelia. It belongs to the FAM3 family according to their sequence similarities. The up-regulation and/or mislocalization in breast cancer and liver carcinoma cells of FAM3C is strongly correlated with metastasis formation and survival. FAM3C can be involved in retinal laminar formation and promote epithelial to mesenchymal transition.
Description: Protein FAM3D is a novel cytokine-like protein that belongs to the FAM3 family. Human FAM3D is synthesized as a 224 amino acid precursor that contains a 25 amino acid signal sequence and a 199 amino acid mature chain. FAM3D is identified based on structural, but not sequence, homology to short chain cytokines including IL-2, IL-4 and GM-CSF. FAM3 proteins are four helix bundle cytokines with four conserved cysteines in all members (FAM3A-D). FAM3B is highly expressed in alpha and beta cells of the pancreas and is being investigated as a potential contributor to beta cell death and development of Type I Diabetes.
Human Bcl-2 related Recombinant Protein A1 Recombinant Protein
Description: Human Bcl-2 related Recombinant Protein A1 Recombinant Protein expressed in E. coli with His-tag. Sequence domain: 1-152aa. Application(s): SDS-PAGE.
Description: Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1 (CDKN1A) is a member of the CDI family. CDKN1A is widely expressed in all adult tissues, but low expressed in the brain tissue. CDKN1A can be induced by p53/TP53, mezerein and IFNB1, repressed by HDAC1. CDKN1A may be an important intermediate, by which p53/TP53 mediates its role as an inhibitor of cellular proliferation in response to DNA damage, CDKN1A can bind to and inhibit cyclin-dependent kinase activity, preventing phosphorylation of critical cyclin-dependent kinase substrates and blocking cell cycle progression.
Description: Myelin Protein P0 (MPZ) is a single-pass type I membrane glycoprotein which belongs to the myelin P0 protein family. MPZ contains one Ig-like V-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain, absent in the central nervous system. MPZ is a major component of the myelin sheath in peripheral nerves. It is postulated that MPZ is a structural element in the formation and stabilisation of peripheral nerve myelin, holding its characteristic coil structure together by the interaction of its positively-charged domain with acidic lipids in the cytoplasmic face of the opposed bilayer, and by interaction between hydrophobic globular of adjacent extracellular domains. Defects in MPZ associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and Dejerine-Sottas disease.
Description: Myelin P2 Protein (PMP2) is a cytoplasmic protein which belongs to the Fatty-acid binding protein (FABP) family of calycin superfamily. PMP2 is a small, basic, and cytoplasmic lipid binding protein of peripheral myelin. PMP2 is found in peripheral nerve myelin and spinal cord myelin, the oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, respectively. PMP2 may be involved in lipid transport protein in Schwann cells. It may decrease the inhibitory effect of T suppressors in the culture of immune lymph node cells.
Description: p53 Human Recombinant full length produced in E.Coli is a non-glycosylated, polypeptide chain having a total Mw of 81kDa. p53 Human Recombinant is fused to GST tag and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Description: Bcl2 antagonist of cell death (BAD) Human Recombinant full length protein expressed in E.coli, shows a 51 kDa band on SDS-PAGE(Icluding GST tag). The BAD protein is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques. Applications: ELISA, WB
Human Annexin A8-like Recombinant Protein 1/ANXA8L2 Recombinant Protein
Description: Human Annexin A8-like Recombinant Protein 1/ANXA8L2 Recombinant Protein expressed in E. coli with His-tag. Sequence domain: 1-327aa. Application(s): SDS-PAGE.
Mouse Angiopoietin-like Recombinant Protein 7/ANGPTL7 Recombinant Protein
Description: Mouse Angiopoietin-like Recombinant Protein 7/ANGPTL7 Recombinant Protein expressed in Baculovirus with His-tag. Sequence domain: 22-337aa. Application(s): SDS-PAGE. Endotoxin: < 1 EU per 1ug of protein (determined by LAL method).
Description: Probable serine carboxypeptidase CPVL, also known as Carboxypeptidase, vitellogenic-like, Vitellogenic carboxypeptidase-like protein, is a member of the peptidase S10 family. It is expressed in macrophages but not in other leukocytes. And specifically, it is abundantly expressed in heart and kidney, also expressed in spleen, leukocytes, and placenta. This enzyme may be involved in the digestion of phagocytosed particles in the lysosome, and also participation in an inflammatory protease cascade, and trimming of peptides for antigen presentation.
Description: Tissue Factor (TF) is a single-pass type I membrane glycoprotein member of the tissue factor family. TF expression is highly dependent upon cell type. This factor enables cells to initiate the blood coagulation cascades, and it functions as the high-affinity receptor for the coagulation factor VII. TF initiates blood coagulation by forming a complex with circulating factor VII or VIIa. The complex activates factors IX or X by specific limited protolysis. TF plays a role in normal hemostasis by initiating the cell-surface assembly and propagation of the coagulation protease cascade.
Description: All three isoforms of GRO are CXC chemokines that can signal through the CXCR1 or CXCR2 receptors. The GRO proteins chemoattract and activate neutrophils and basophils. Recombinant murine KC is a 7.8 kDa protein consisting of 72 amino acids including the 'ELR' motif common to the CXC chemokine family that bind to CXCR1 or CXCR2.
Description: All three isoforms of GRO are CXC chemokines that can signal through the CXCR1 or CXCR2 receptors. The GRO proteins chemoattract and activate neutrophils and basophils. Recombinant murine KC is a 7.8 kDa protein consisting of 72 amino acids including the 'ELR' motif common to the CXC chemokine family that bind to CXCR1 or CXCR2.
Description: Ubiquitin-Like-Conjugating Enzyme ATG3 (ATG3) is widely expressed and has highly levels in heart, skeletal muscle, kidney, liver and placenta. ATG3 as a E2-like enzyme, involves in autophagy and mitochondrial homeostasis. ATG3 catalyzes the conjugation of ATG8-like proteins to PE which is essential for autophagy. As an autocatalytic E2-like enzyme, ATG3 also can catalyzes the conjugation of ATG12 to itself which palys a role in mitochondrial homeostasis but not in autophagy.
Description: Ubiquitin-Like-Conjugating Enzyme ATG10 (ATG10) is a ubiquitous 28kDa member of the ATG10 family protein. ATG10 acts as an E2-like enzyme, catalyzes the transfer of ATG12 to ATG5 during in the initial stages of autophagesome formation. The heterodimer of ATG5 and ATG12 subsequntly associates non-covalently with an ATG16 multimer to generate an antophagosome. ATG10 plays a role in the conjugation of ATG12 to ATG5 by interaction with MAP1LC3A. In addition, ATG10 can diretly interact with ATG5 or ATG7.
Description: Cysteine Protease ATG4C (ATG4C) belongs to the peptidase C54 family. It is required for autophagy, which cleaves the C-terminal part of either MAP1LC3, GABARAPL2 or GABARAP, allowing the liberation of form I. A subpopulation of form I is subsequently converted to a smaller form which is considered to be the phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)-conjugated form, and has the capacity for the binding to autophagosomes. ATG4C is a cytoplasmic protein and high expressed in skeletal muscle, liver, testis and heart. ATG4C can be inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide.
Description: Cysteine Protease ATG4A (ATG4A) is a cytoplasmic protein that belongs to the peptidase C54 family. ATG4A is widely expressed in many tissues at a low level, but the highest expression is observed in skeletal muscle and brain. ATG4A is a cysteine protease required for autophagy; it cleaves the C-terminal part of MAP1LC3, GABARAPL2 or GABARAP. ATG4A is inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide. It is suggested that ATG4A has a significant role in suppressing various cancers.
Description: ATG5 is an E2 ubiquitin ligase which is necessary for autophagy. Its expression is a relatively late event in the apoptotic process, occurring downstream of caspase activity, dramatically highly expressed in apoptotic cells. It is activated by ATG7, conjugates to ATG12 and associates with isolation membrane to form cup-shaped isolation membrane and autophagosome. The conjugate complex detaches from the membrane immediately before or after autophagosome formation is completed. ATG5 plays an important role in the apoptotic process, possibly within the modified cytoskeleton.
Description: Zinc Finger Protein 100 (ZNF100) is part of the krueppel C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family. ZNF100 contains 12 C2H2-type zinc fingers and 1 KRAB domain. ZNF100 is a DNA-binding protein domain consisting of zinc fingers. Zinc finger protein 100 occurs in nature as the part of transcription factors conferring DNA sequence specificity as the DNA-binding domain. Zinc finger proteins have also found use in protein engineering due to their modularity and have prospects as components of tools for use in therapeutic gene modulation and zinc finger nucleases.
TAGLN Recombinant Protein (Rat) (Recombinant- Tag)
Description: IDO catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in the main pathway of human tryptophan catabolism, the kynurenine pathway. Proinflammatory mediators, such as endotoxin and IFN-gamma induce the expression of IDO in several tissues. IDO-dependent suppression of T cell responses might function as natural immunoregulatory mechanism. Physiological IDO activity has been implicated in T cell tolerance to tumors, dysfunctional selftolerance in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, and as a protective negative regulator in autoimmune disorders.
Description: The ST2 (Interleukin-1 receptor-like 1; Interleukin-33 receptor) gene was originally identified as a gene induced by serum or oncogene expression in fibroblasts. The gene produces a shorter soluble secreted form (ST2) and a longer, transmembrane form (ST2L) by alternative splicing. Soluble ST2 has been shown to downregulate the expression of TLR1 and TLR4. ST2L negatively regulates TLR4 signaling and induces endotoxin tolerance, and enhances Th2 responses. IL-33 is the specific ligand for ST2L.
Description: FTO (Fat mass-and obesity-associated gene) is the responsible gene for mouse ‘fused toes’ mutation. An association between FTO genotype and type 2 diabetes has been confirmed. The presence of the FTO rs9939609 A-allele was found to be positively correlated with other symptoms of the metabolic syndrome, including higher fasting insulin, glucose, triglycerides, and lower HDL-cholesterol.
Description: FTO (Fat mass-and obesity-associated gene) is the responsible gene for mouse ‘fused toes’ mutation. An association between FTO genotype and type 2 diabetes has been confirmed. The presence of the FTO rs9939609 A-allele was found to be positively correlated with other symptoms of the metabolic syndrome, including higher fasting insulin, glucose, triglycerides, and lower HDL-cholesterol.
Description: FTO (Fat mass-and obesity-associated gene) is the responsible gene for mouse ‘fused toes’ mutation. An association between FTO genotype and type 2 diabetes has been confirmed. The presence of the FTO rs9939609 A-allele was found to be positively correlated with other symptoms of the metabolic syndrome, including higher fasting insulin, glucose, triglycerides, and lower HDL-cholesterol.
Description: DR6 is an orphan TNF receptor superfamily member belonging to a subgroup of receptors called death receptors. Expressed ubiquitously with high expression in lymphoid organs, heart, brain, and pancreas. Broadly expressed by developing neurons where it functions as pro-apoptotic factor. Recently, it has been reported that interaction with the beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) activates a widespread caspase-dependent self-destruction program dependent on caspase-6.
Description: DR6 is an orphan TNF receptor superfamily member belonging to a subgroup of receptors called death receptors. Expressed ubiquitously with high expression in lymphoid organs, heart, brain, and pancreas. Broadly expressed by developing neurons where it functions as pro-apoptotic factor. Recently, it has been reported that interaction with the beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) activates a widespread caspase-dependent self-destruction program dependent on caspase-6.
Description: FasL is a cytokine that binds to Fas/TNFRSF6, a receptor that transduces the apoptotic signal into cells. FasL is involved in cytotoxic T cell mediated apoptosis and in T cell development.
Description: LIF has the capacity to induce terminal differentiation in leukemic cells. Its activities also include the induction of hematopoietic differentiation in normal and myeloid leukemia cells, the induction of neuronal cell differentiation and the stimulation of acute-phase protein synthesis in hepatocytes. LIF activates JAK & STAT signaling in human embryonic stem (ES) cells, but this pathway does not maintain pluripotency in these cells, which instead rely on FGF2-mediated ERK signaling. By contrast, mouse ES cells can be maintained by LIF-mediated JAK & STAT signaling. LIF binds to a high affinity heterodimeric receptor complex consisting of two proteins: LIF-R alpha that binds LIF with low affinity and the 130kDa (gp130) subunit that by itself does not bind LIF, but is required for high affinity binding of LIF.
Description: Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a growth factor and the founding member of the EGF family. All EGF family members are synthesized as type I transmembrane precursor proteins that may contain several EGF domains in the extracellular region. The mature proteins are released from the cell surface by regulated proteolysis. EGF is present in various body fluids, including blood, milk, urine, saliva, seminal fluid, pancreatic juice, cerebrospinal fluid, and amniotic fluid. Four ErbB (HER) family receptor tyrosine kinases including EGFR/ErbB1, ErbB2, ErbB3 and ErbB4, mediate responses to EGF family members. These receptors undergo a complex pattern of ligand induced homo or heterodimerization to transduce EGF family signals. EGF binds to the receptor EGFR stimulating the intrinsic protein-tyrosine kinase activity of the receptor. The tyrosine kinase activity initiates a signal transduction cascade that results in a variety of biochemical changes within the cell, including a rise in intracellular calcium levels, increased glycolysis and protein synthesis, and increases in the expression of certain genes including the gene for EGFR, which lead to DNA synthesis, cell growth, proliferation and differentiation. Other biological activities ascribed to EGF include epithelial development, angiogenesis, inhibition of gastric acid secretion, fibroblast proliferation, and colony formation of epidermal cells in culture. Defects in EGF are the cause of hypomagnesemia type 4 (HOMG4), also known as renal hypomagnesemia normocalciuric. HOMG4 is a disorder characterized by massive renal hypomagnesemia and normal levels of serum calcium and calcium excretion. Clinical features include seizures, mild-to mederate psychomotor retardation, and brisk tendon reflexes.
Description: Stem cell factor (SCF), also known as cKit ligand (KL), mast cell growth factor (MGF) and steel factor (SLF), is a widely expressed 28-40 kDa type I transmembrane glycoprotein. It promotes the survival, differentiation and mobilization of multiple cell types including myeloid, erythroid, megakaryocytic, lymphoid, germ cell and melanocyte progenitors. SCF is a primary growth and activation factor for mast cells and eosinophils. Noncovalent dimers of transmembrane or soluble SCF interact with the receptor tyrosine kinase SCF R/cKit to trigger receptor dimerization and signaling. SCF assists in the recovery of cardiac function following myocardial infarction by increasing the number of cardiomyocytes and vascular channels.
Description: Stem cell factor (SCF), also known as cKit ligand (KL), mast cell growth factor (MGF) and steel factor (SLF), is a widely expressed 28-40 kDa type I transmembrane glycoprotein. It promotes the survival, differentiation and mobilization of multiple cell types including myeloid, erythroid, megakaryocytic, lymphoid, germ cell and melanocyte progenitors. SCF is a primary growth and activation factor for mast cells and eosinophils. Noncovalent dimers of transmembrane or soluble SCF interact with the receptor tyrosine kinase SCF R/cKit to trigger receptor dimerization and signaling. SCF assists in the recovery of cardiac function following myocardial infarction by increasing the number of cardiomyocytes and vascular channels.
Description: Stem cell factor (SCF), also known as cKit ligand (KL), mast cell growth factor (MGF), and steel factor (SLF), is a widely expressed 28-40 kDa type I transmembrane glycoprotein. It promotes the survival, differentiation, and mobilization of multiple cell types including myeloid, erythroid, megakaryocytic, lymphoid, germ cell, and melanocyte progenitors. SCF is a primary growth and activation factor for mast cells and eosinophils. Noncovalent dimers of transmembrane or soluble SCF interact with the receptor tyrosine kinase SCF R/cKit to trigger receptor dimerization and signaling. SCF assists in the recovery of cardiac function following myocardial infarction by increasing the number of cardiomyocytes and vascular channels.
Description: Stem cell factor (SCF), also known as cKit ligand (KL), mast cell growth factor (MGF), and steel factor (SLF), is a widely expressed 28-40 kDa type I transmembrane glycoprotein. It promotes the survival, differentiation, and mobilization of multiple cell types including myeloid, erythroid, megakaryocytic, lymphoid, germ cell, and melanocyte progenitors. SCF is a primary growth and activation factor for mast cells and eosinophils. Noncovalent dimers of transmembrane or soluble SCF interact with the receptor tyrosine kinase SCF R/cKit to trigger receptor dimerization and signaling. SCF assists in the recovery of cardiac function following myocardial infarction by increasing the number of cardiomyocytes and vascular channels.
Description: Stem cell factor (SCF), also known as cKit ligand (KL), mast cell growth factor (MGF) and steel factor (SLF), is a widely expressed 28-40 kDa type I transmembrane glycoprotein. It promotes the survival, differentiation and mobilization of multiple cell types including myeloid, erythroid, megakaryocytic, lymphoid, germ cell and melanocyte progenitors. SCF is a primary growth and activation factor for mast cells and eosinophils. Noncovalent dimers of transmembrane or soluble SCF interact with the receptor tyrosine kinase SCF R/cKit to trigger receptor dimerization and signaling. SCF assists in the recovery of cardiac function following myocardial infarction by increasing the number of cardiomyocytes and vascular channels.
Description: Stem cell factor (SCF), also known as cKit ligand (KL), mast cell growth factor (MGF) and steel factor (SLF), is a widely expressed 28-40 kDa type I transmembrane glycoprotein. It promotes the survival, differentiation and mobilization of multiple cell types including myeloid, erythroid, megakaryocytic, lymphoid, germ cell and melanocyte progenitors. SCF is a primary growth and activation factor for mast cells and eosinophils. Noncovalent dimers of transmembrane or soluble SCF interact with the receptor tyrosine kinase SCF R/cKit to trigger receptor dimerization and signaling. SCF assists in the recovery of cardiac function following myocardial infarction by increasing the number of cardiomyocytes and vascular channels.
Description: Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Receptor (CAR) belongs to the CTX family of the Ig superfamily. CXADR is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein and expressed in pancreas, brain, heart, small intestine, testis, prostate. It is a receptor that mediates gene transfer and also act as an adhesion molecule within junctional complexes, notably between epithelial cells lining body cavities and within myocardial intercalated discs. CXADR contains an extracellular domain, a transmembrane helix and a C-terminal intracellular domain. The C-terminal interacts with few cytoplasmic junctional proteins, microtubules and the actin cytoskeleton.
Description: Lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) is a plasma protein, belongs to a member of structurally and functionally related proteins which includes bactericidal permeability-increasing protein (BPI), plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP). It is involved in the acute-phase immunologic response to gram-negative bacterial infections. In cooperation with BPI. LBP binds LPS and interacts with the CD14 receptor, most likely playing a role in regulating LPS-dependent monocyte responses. Studies suggest that LBP is necessary for the rapid acute-phase response to LPS but not for the clearance of LPS from circulation. Finally, t The LBP gene is found on chromosome 20, directly downstream of the BPI gene.
Description: Recombinant Human Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator is a serine protease, which specifically cleaves the zymogen plasminogen to form the active enzyme plasmin. Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator is a potent marker of invasion and metastasis in many human cancers associated with breast, colon, stomach, bladder, brain, ovary and endometrium. Human Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator is initially synthesized as 431 amino acid precursor with a N-terminal signal peptide residues. The single chain molecule is processed into a disulfide-linked two-chain molecule. There exists two forms A chain, the long A chain contains an EGF-like domain that is responsible for binding of the uPA receptor. The B chain corresponds to the catalytic domain.
Description: Zinc- alpha-2-Glycoprotein (AZGP1) can be found in blood plasma, seminal plasma, urine, sweat, saliva, liver, and epithelial cells of various human glands. AZGP1 has been proposed in the regulation of body weight, and the melanin production by normal and malignant melanocytes. AZGP1 stimulates lipid degradation in adipocytes and causes the extensive fat losses associated with some advanced cancers. AZGP1 has been reported to stimulate lipid breakdown and may have an important role in lipid homeostasis. Mature human AZGP1 consists of one MHC class I antigen region and a C2-type Ig-like domain. AZGP1 has two alternate splice forms, one shows a 66 amino acids substitution for the C-terminal 30 amino acids, the other one shows a nine Lys substitution for amino acid 151-298.
Description: T-Cell Antigen CD7 is a single-pass type I membrane protein that that belongs to the the immunoglobulin superfamily. Human CD7 is synthesized as a 240 amino acid precursor that contains a 25 amino acid signal sequence and a 215 amino acid mature chain with a Ig-like (immunoglobulin-like) domain. CD7 is normally expressed on all T-lymphocytes, NK-cells, pre-B lymphocytes and pleuripotent hematopoietic stem cells. CD7 plays an essential role in T-cell interactions, T-cell/B-cell interaction during early lymphoid development, T- and NK-cell activation and cytokine production. CD7 has been shown to interact with PIK3R1and SECTM1. However, the function of the CD7 protein in the immune system is still largely unknown.
Description: WAP Four-Disulfide Core Domain Protein 2 (WFDC2) is a 25 kDa secreted glycoprotein containing two WAP domains. Mature human WFDC2 is 94 amino acids (aa) in length. It contains two WAP domains that likely mediate antiprotease and/or antimicrobial activity (aa 31 - 73 and 74 - 123). There are four potential splice variants. One shows a deletion of aa 27-74, while three others show aa substitutions: 28 aa for aa 75-124, 23 aa for aa 1 - 74, and 10 aa for aa 71-124. WFDC2 is a member of a family of stable 4-disulfide core proteins that are secreted at high levels. It is expressed by a wide variety of epithelial cells, including respiratory epithelium, salivary gland mucous cells, breast duct epithelium, distal tubule renal epithelium, and epididymal epithelium. WFDC2 may be a component of the innate immune defences of the lung, nasal and oral cavities and suggest that WFDC2 functions in concert with related WAP domain containing proteins in epithelial host defence. WFDC2 re-expression in lung carcinomas may prove to be associated with tumour type and should be studied in further detail. Mammary gland expression of tammar WFDC2 during the course of lactation showed WFDC2 was elevated during pregnancy, reduced in early lactation and absent in mid-late lactation. WFDC2 can undergo a complex series of alternative splicing events that can potentially yield five distinct WAP domain containing protein isoforms.
Description: Nogo Receptor (NgR) is a glycosylphosphoinositol (GPI)-anchored protein that belongs to the Nogo recptor family. Human NgR is predominantly expressed in neurons and their axons in the central nervous systems. As a receptor for myelin-derived proteins Nogo, myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (OMG), NgR mediates axonal growth inhibition and may play a role in regulating axonal regeneration and plasticity in the adult central nervous system. NgR may be proposed as a potential drug target for treatment of various neurological conditions. Additionally, NgR may play a role in regulating the function of gap junctions.
Description: Mouse Leukemia inhibitory factor（lif）is a secreted protein which belongs to the LIF/OSM family.LIF has been implicated in a many physiological processes including development, hematopoiesis, bone metabolism, and inflammation. it has the capacity to induce terminal differentiation in leukemic cells. Its activities include the induction of hematopoietic differentiation in normal and myeloid leukemia cells, the induction of neuronal cell differentiation, and the stimulation of acute-phase protein synthesis in hepatocytes.
Description: Human DUSP3 belongs to the dual specificity protein phosphatase subfamily. DUSPs are a heterogeneous group of protein phosphatases that can dephosphorylate both phosphotyrosine and phosphoserine/phosphothreonine residues within the one substrate. These phosphatases inactivate their target kinases by dephosphorylating both the phosphoserine/threonine and phosphotyrosine residues. DUSPs are major modulators of critical signalling pathways that are dysregulated in various diseases. They negatively regulate members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase superfamily, which are associated with cellular proliferation and differentiation. DUSP3 is expressed in human tissues including breast and ovarian.DUSP3 shows activity both for tyrosine-protein phosphate and serine-protein phosphate, but displays a strong preference toward phosphotyrosines. Human DUSP3 specifically dephosphorylates and inactivates ERK1 and ERK2.
Description: Mouse stem cell factor (SCF), is the ligand for the receptor-type protein-tyrosine kinase KIT. It plays an essential role in the regulation of cell survival and proliferation, hematopoiesis, stem cell maintenance, gametogenesis, mast cell development, migration and function, and in melanogenesis. KITLG/SCF binding can activate several signaling pathways. It also promotes phosphorylation of PIK3R1, which is the regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and subsequent activation of the kinase AKT1. KITLG/SCF and KIT also transmit signals via GRB2 and activation of RAS, RAF1 and the MAP kinases MAPK1/ERK2 and/or MAPK3/ERK1. KITLG/SCF and KIT promote activation of STAT family members STAT1, STAT3 and STAT5.
Description: Human Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein,also known as MAG, Siglec-4,is a cell membrane glycoprotein that is a member of the SIGLEC family of proteins.MAG contains 4 Ig-like C2-type domains and 1 Ig-like V-type domain.MAG is believed to be involved in myelination during nerve regeneration. it is a adhesion molecule in postnatal neural development that mediates sialic-acid dependent cell-cell interactions between neuronal and myelinating cells and Preferentially binds to alpha-2,3-linked sialic acid.
Description: Vitamin D-Binding Protein (DBP) is a member of the ALB/AFP/VDB family. DBP is a secreted protein and contains three albumin domains. The primary structure contains 28 cysteine residues forming multiple disulfide bonds. DBP acts as a multifunctional protein found in plasma, ascitic fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine and on the surface of many cell types. DBP binds to vitamin D and its plasma metabolites and transports them to target tissues. DBP associates with membrane-bound immunoglobulin on the surface of B-lymphocytes and with IgG Fc receptor on the membranes of T-lymphocytes.
Description: Insulin-Degrading Enzyme (IDE) is a secreted enzyme that belongs to the peptidase M16 family. IDE is a large zinc-binding protease and cleaves multiple short polypeptides that vary considerably in sequence. IDE plays a role in the cellular breakdown of insulin, IAPP, glucagon, bradykinin, kallidin, and other peptides, and thereby plays a role in intercellular peptide signaling. IDE degrades amyloid formed by APP and IAPP. IDE may participate in the degradation and clearance of naturally secreted amyloid beta -protein by neurons and microglia. IDE, which migrates at 110 kDa during gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions, has since been shown to have additional substrates, including the signaling peptides glucagon, TGF alpha and beta -endorphin.
Description: Bactericidal permeability-increasing protein(BPI for short), is a secreted protein which belongs to the BPI/LBP/Plunc superfamily, BPI/LBP family. It exists as a monomer or a disulfide-linked homodimer. The cytotoxic action of BPI is limited to many species of Gram-negative bacteria. This specificity may be explained by a strong affinity of the very basic N-terminal half for the negatively charged lipopolysaccharides that are unique to the Gram-negative bacterial outer envelope. BPI has antibacterial activity against the Gram-nagative bacterium P.aeruginosa, and this activity is inhibited by LPS from P.aeruginosa.
Description: T-cell surface antigen CD2 is also known as Erythrocyte receptor, LFA-2, LFA-3 receptor, Rosette receptor, T-cell surface antigen T11/Leu-5. It is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD2 gene. It is a single-pass type I membrane protein. contains 1 Ig-like C2-type domain and 1 Ig-like V-type domain. T-cell surface antigen CD2 interacts with lymphocyte function-associated antigen (LFA-3) and CD48/BCM1 to mediate adhesion between T-cells and other cell types. It is implicated in the triggering of T-cells, the cytoplasmic domain is implicated in the signaling function.
Description: FAS(TNFRSF6) is a receptor and contains three TNFR-Cys repeats and one death domain. It has been shown that FAS is involved in the physiological regulation of programmed cell death, and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various malignancies and diseases of the immune system. FADD (adapter molecule) recruits caspase-8 to the activated receptor, the resulting death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) performs caspase-8 proteolytic activation which initiates the subsequent cascade of caspases mediating apoptosis. FAS-mediated apoptosis may play a role in the induction of peripheral tolerance, in the antigen-stimulated suicide of mature T-cells, or both.
Description: Stem Cell Factor (SCF) is a hematopoietic growth factor that exerts its activity at the early stages of hematopoiesis. SCF stimulates the proliferation of myeloid, erythroid, and lymphoid progenitors in bone marrow cultures and has been shown to act synergistically with colony stimulating factors.
Description: Tissue-type plasminogen activator (PLAT) is a protein that secreted into extracellular space. PLAT contains five domains: EGF-like domain, fibronectin type-I domain, 2 kringle domains and peptidase S1 domain. It belongs to the peptidase S1 family. The main function of this protein is to convert plasminogen into biologically active plasmin. As a protease, PLAT plays a crucial role in regulating blood fibrinolysis, maintaining the homeostasis of extracellular matrix and in modulating the post-translational activation of growth factors. PLAT is found not only in the blood, where its primary function is as a thrombolytic enzyme, but also in the central nervous system (CNS). It participates in a number of physiological and pathological events in the CNS, as well as the role of neuroserpin as the natural regulator of PLAT's activity in these processes. Increased or decreased activity of PLAT leads to hyperfibrinolysis or hypofibrinolysis, respectively. In addition, as a cytokine, PLAT plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of renal interstitial fibrosis through diverse mechanisms. Thus, as a fibrogenic cytokine, it promotes the progression of kidney diseases.
Description: Leukemia inhibitory factor, or LIF, an interleukin 6 class cytokine, is a protein in cells that affects cell growth and development.Leukemia Inhibitory Factor has several functions such as cholinergic neuron differentiation, control of stem cell pluripotency, bone & fat metabolism, mitogenesis of factor dependent cell lines & promotion of megakaryocyte production in vivo. Removal of LIF pushes stem cells toward differentiation, but they retain their proliferative potential or pluripotency. Therefore LIF is used in mouse embryonic stem cell culture. It is necessary to maintain the stem cells in an undifferentiated state, however genetic manipulation of embryonic stem cells allows for LIF independent growth, notably overexpression of the gene Nanog. LIF is not required for culture of human embryonic stem cells.
Description: T-cell surface glycoprotein CD4 is also known as T-cell surface antigen T4/Leu-3. CD4 contains three Ig-like C2-type (immunoglobulin-like) domains and one Ig-like V-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain. CD4 is accessory protein for MHC class-II antigen/T-cell receptor interaction. CD4 induces the aggregation of lipid rafts. CD4 is a primary receptor used by HIV-1 to gain entry into host T cells. HIV infection leads to a progressive reduction of the number of T cells possessing CD4 receptors. Therefore, medical professionals refer to the CD4 count to decide when to begin treatment for HIV-infected patients.
Description: Apoptosis Regulator BAX (BAX) belongs to the Bcl-2 family. BAX exists as a homodimer and is expressed in a wide variety of tissues. The Bax gene encodes different isoforms including Bax alpha (21 kDa) and Bax beta (24 kDa). Although both isoforms contain BH1, BH2 and BH3 domains, Bax beta has a unique carboxyl terminus and does not contain a hydrophobic transmembrane domain. BAX accelerates programmed cell death by binding to, and antagonizing the apoptosis repressor BCL2 or its adenovirus homolog E1B 19k protein. BAX also promotes activation of CASP3, and thereby apoptosis.
Description: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor(MIF) is a secreted protein and belongs to the MIF family. MIF is an important regulator of innate immunity. The circulating MIF binds to CD74 on other immune cells to trigger an acute immune response. Hence MIF is classified as an inflammatory cytokine. Furthermore glucocorticoids also stimulate white blood cells to release MIF and hence MIF partially counter acts the inhibitory effects that glucocorticoids have on the immune system. Finally trauma activates the anterior pituitary gland to release MIF.
Description: EGF is a single-pass type I membrane protein,containing 8 LDL-receptor class B repeats and 9 EGF-like domains. EGF results in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival.EGF is a low-molecular-weight polypeptide first purified from the mouse submandibular gland, but since then found in many human tissues including submandibular gland, parotid gland. Salivary EGF, which seems also regulated by dietary inorganic iodine, also plays an important physiological role in the maintenance of oro-esophageal and gastric tissue integrity. The biological effects of salivary EGF include healing of oral and gastroesophageal ulcers, inhibition of gastric acid secretion, stimulation of DNA synthesis as well as mucosal protection from intraluminal injurious factors such as gastric acid, bile acids, pepsin, and trypsin and to physical, chemical and bacterial agents.
Description: Human MIF is a 12.5 kDa, 115 amino acid (aa) nonglycosylated polypeptide that is synthesized without asignal sequence .Secretion occurs nonclassically via an ABCA1 transporter.Pro-inflammatory cytokine.Involved in the innate immune response to bacterial pathogens. The expression of MIF at sites ofinflammation suggests a role as mediator in regulating the function of acrophages in host defense.Counteracts the anti-inflammatory activity of glucocorticoids. Has phenylpyruvate tautomerase anddopachrome tautomerase activity (in vitro), but the physiological substrate is not known. It is not clearwhether the tautomerase activity has any physiological relevance, and whether it is important for cytokineactivity.
Description: Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase-like N (PTPRN) belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family and receptor class 8 subfamily. PTPRN contains 1 tyrosine-protein phosphatase domain, is expressed in neuroendocrine cells only. PTPs are known to be signaling molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, mitotic cycle, and oncogenic transformation. It implicated in neuroendocrine secretory processes. It may be involved in processes specific for neurosecretory granules, such as their biogenesis, trafficking or regulated exocytosis or may have a general role in neuroendocrine functions. It seems to lack intrinsic enzyme activity, may play a role in the regulation of secretory granules via its interaction with SNTB2. This PTP was found to be an autoantigen that is reactive with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patient sera, and thus may be a potential target of autoimmunity in diabetes mellitus.
Description: Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase-like N (PTPRN) belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family and receptor class 8 subfamily. PTPRN contains 1 tyrosine-protein phosphatase domain, is expressed in neuroendocrine cells only. PTPs are known to be signaling molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, mitotic cycle, and oncogenic transformation. It implicated in neuroendocrine secretory processes. It may be involved in processes specific for neurosecretory granules, such as their biogenesis, trafficking or regulated exocytosis or may have a general role in neuroendocrine functions. It seems to lack intrinsic enzyme activity, may play a role in the regulation of secretory granules via its interaction with SNTB2. This PTP was found to be an autoantigen that is reactive with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patient sera, and thus may be a potential target of autoimmunity in diabetes mellitus.
Description: Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase-like N (PTPRN) belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family and receptor class 8 subfamily. PTPRN contains 1 tyrosine-protein phosphatase domain, is expressed in neuroendocrine cells only. PTPs are known to be signaling molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, mitotic cycle, and oncogenic transformation. It implicated in neuroendocrine secretory processes. It may be involved in processes specific for neurosecretory granules, such as their biogenesis, trafficking or regulated exocytosis or may have a general role in neuroendocrine functions. It seems to lack intrinsic enzyme activity, may play a role in the regulation of secretory granules via its interaction with SNTB2. This PTP was found to be an autoantigen that is reactive with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patient sera, and thus may be a potential target of autoimmunity in diabetes mellitus.
Description: KLK3, also known as APS, is short for Prostate-specific antigen. It is a 261 aa. protein which belongs to the peptidase S1 family and Kallikrein subfamily. This protein has 5 isforms produced by alternative splicing. It is a secreted protein and can forms a heterodimer with SERPINA5 which can inhibit its activity. KLK3 is also strongly inhibited by Zn2+, 100 times more abundant in semen than in serum. This inhibition is relieved by exposure to semenogelins, which are avid zinc binders. KLK3 can hydrolyzes semenogelin-1 thus leading to the liquefaction of the seminal coagulum.
Description: Interleukin 1 receptor-like 1(IL1RL1) is a member of the interleukin-1 receptor family, Contains 3 Ig-like C2-type domains and 1 TIR domain. It is highly expressed in kidney, lung, placenta, stomach, skeletal muscle, colon and small intestine. IL1RL1 is a receptor for interleukin-33, its stimulation recruits MYD88, IRAK1, IRAK4, and TRAF6, followed by phosphorylation of MAPK3/ERK1 and/or MAPK1/ERK2, MAPK14, and MAPK8. IL1RL1 may possibly be involved in helper T-cell function. Soluble IL1RL1 also acts as a negative regulator of Th2 cytokine production, it directly implicated in the progression of cardiac disease.
Description: Tyrosine-protein kinase Mer (MERTK) is a single-pass type I membrane protein which belongs to the MER/AXL/TYRO3 receptor kinase family. MERTK include two fibronectin type-III domains, two Ig-like C2-type domains, and one tyrosine kinase domain. It can’t be expressed in normal B- and T-lymphocytes, but it is usually expressed in numerous neoplastic B- and T-cell lines. MERTK could regulate many physiological processes, such as cell survival, migration, differentiation. It was demonstrated that the MERTK plays critical role in the engulfment and efficient clearance of apoptotic cells, platelet aggregation, and cytoskeleton reorganization. Not only these, it also plays an important role in inhibition of Toll-like receptors (TLRs)-mediated innate immune response by activating STAT1, which selectively induces production of suppressors of cytokine signaling SOCS1 and SOCS3. In addition, MERTK could regulate rod outer segments fragments phagocytosis in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)， deficiency in MERTK are the cause of retinitis pigmentosa.
Description: CD5 is a transmembrane glycoprotein of the conserved scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) superfamily and expressed on thymocytes, peripheral T cells and a subset of B cells (B1-a). Moreover, CD5 also was found expressed in small lymphocytic lymphoma, hairy cell leukaemia and mantle cell lymphoma cells. The long cytoplasmic tail of CD5 has no intrinsic enzymatic activity, but contains four tyrosine phosphorylation sites, including an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based (ITAM)-like motif (pseudo-ITAM) and an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory (ITIM)-like motif (pseudo-ITIM), as well as multiple potential serine and threonine phosphorylation sites. It physically associates with the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and B cell antigen receptor (BCR), where it negatively modulates the activation and differentiation signals transduced by these receptors. CD5 also plays an important role in protection from activation-induced cell death and in the recognition of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) present on fungal surfaces.
Description: Differential screening-selected gene aberrative in neuroblastoma (DAN) is a member of the DAN family of secreted glycoproteins. DAN family antagonists are characterized by a DAN domain that contains a cystine knot motif which is essential for binding to BMP ligands. Members of this family include DAN, gremlin, protein related to DAN and cerberus (PRDC), cerberus, sclerostin (SOST) and uterine sensitization-associated gene 1 protein, and control diverse processes in growth, development and the cell cycle. It has also been reported that DAN family plays crucial role in early mouse embryo development by inhibiting the action of bone morphogenic proteins and modulating the action of transforming growth factor- beta superfamily members. DAN is synthesized by small-to intermediate-sized DRG neurons and transported to the sensory nerve terminals in the skin or to the sensory nerve terminals in the dorsal horn. It has been reported that DAN is ubiquitously expressed in adult rat and human tissues. Morphological studies have revealed that, in adult rat, DAN mRNA is expressed ubiquitously in lung and brain, but not in liver.
Description: Dtk, also called Tyro3, belongs to the TAM receptor family of receptor protein tyrosine kinases (RPTKs) composed of three receptors Tyro3, Axl, and Mer. These receptors share a characteristic molecular structure of two immunoglobulin-like and two fibronectin type III repeats and have been best characterized for their roles in immune regulation, fertility, thrombosis and phagocytosis. Gas6 and protein S have been identified as ligands for these receptors. Gas6 binding induces tyrosine phosphorylation and downstream signaling pathways that can lead to cell proliferation, migration, or the prevention of apoptosis. Tyro3 and Axl play important regulatory roles in a variety of tissues, including the central nervous, reproductive, immune, and vascular systems. Tyro3 is widely expressed during embryonic development and preferentially expressed during neurogenesis in the central nervous system.
Description: ST2, also called IL-1 R4, is an Interleukin-1 receptor family glycoprotein that plays a role in Th2 immune responses. ST2 is expressed on the surface of mast cells, activated Th2 cells, macrophages, and cardiac myocytes. This receptor is very similar to the IL-1 receptor type I and the IL-18 receptor alpha chain in that ST2 also has three extracellular Ig domains and an intracellular Toll domain. ST2 binds IL-33, enhances inflammatory cytokines by activating nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinases. ST2 exists as either a membrane bound form (ST2L) or as a soluble form (sST2). ST2L acts as a transmembrane signalling receptor for IL-33 by mediating the effect of IL-33 on the inflammatory process, while sST2 can suppress IL-33 activity.
Description: ST2, also called IL-1 R4, is an Interleukin-1 receptor family glycoprotein that plays a role in Th2 immune responses. ST2 is expressed on the surface of mast cells, activated Th2 cells, macrophages, and cardiac myocytes. This receptor is very similar to the IL-1 receptor type I and the IL-18 receptor alpha chain in that ST2 also has three extracellular Ig domains and an intracellular Toll domain. ST2 binds IL-33, enhances inflammatory cytokines by activating nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinases. ST2 exists as either a membrane bound form (ST2L) or as a soluble form (sST2). ST2L acts as a transmembrane signalling receptor for IL-33 by mediating the effect of IL-33 on the inflammatory process, while sST2 can suppress IL-33 activity.
Description: Nogo Receptor (NgR) is a glycosylphosphoinositol (GPI)-anchored protein that belongs to the Nogo recptor family. Human NgR is predominantly expressed in neurons and their axons in the central nervous systems. As a receptor for myelin-derived proteins Nogo, myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (OMG), NgR mediates axonal growth inhibition and may play a role in regulating axonal regeneration and plasticity in the adult central nervous system. NgR may be proposed as a potential drug target for treatment of various neurological conditions. Additionally, NgR may play a role in regulating the function of gap junctions.
Description: Human Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a member of glycoprotein hormones subunit beta family, whichalso includes LH, chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). FSH and its familymembers are heterodimers consisting of non-covalently linked alpha- and beta -subunits. They share an identical alphasubunit, and beta -subunits vary. FSH has a unique beta -subunit (FSH beta ), which confers its specific biologic activityand is responsible for interaction with the FSH-receptor which belongs to a subfamily of GPCRs calledleucine-rich-repeat-containing GPCRs (LGRs). FSH is secreted from the pituitary gland and regulatesreproduction in mammals. FSH stimulates sertoli cell proliferation in testes and supports spermatogenesis inmales, and induces the maturation of ovarian follicles in females.
Description: Nogo Receptor (NgR) is a glycosylphosphoinositol (GPI)-anchored protein that belongs to the Nogo recptor family. Human NgR is predominantly expressed in neurons and their axons in the central nervous systems. As a receptor for myelin-derived proteins Nogo, myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (OMG), NgR mediates axonal growth inhibition and may play a role in regulating axonal regeneration and plasticity in the adult central nervous system. NgR may be proposed as a potential drug target for treatment of various neurological conditions. Additionally, NgR may play a role in regulating the function of gap junctions.
Description: NOV, also called CCN3, is a secreted protein of CCN family members. CCN family members are highly conserved cysteine rich proteins sharing a common modular structure having 4 conserved domains, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP) domain, von Willebrand type C (VWC) domain, thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) domain, and C-terminal (CT) domain (absent in CCN5). By specific interactions with these domains, CCN proteins modulate multiple signalling pathways including BMPs, Wnt, TGFs, Notch and integrins to regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, migration, angiogenesis, and survival. CCN3 is firstly characterized as a promoter of progenitor activity of human hematopoietic stem cells, as knockdown of CCN3 can abrogate the function of primitive progenitors. Recent studies showed that CCN3 is also actively involved in the process of wound healing. CCN3 is highly expressed in granulation tissues of cutaneous wounds and capable of inducing synthetic responses of fibroblasts.
Description: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a heme enzyme that initiates the oxidative degradation of the least abundant, essential amino acid, l-tryptophan, along the kynurenine pathway. This protein is normally expressed in the dendritic cells, macrophages, microglia, eosinophils, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and most tumor cells. IDO activity is associated with immunosuppression and immune attenuation. Several studies showed that IDO can contribute to immune escape when expressed directly in tumor cells or when expressed in immunosuppressive antigen presenting cells such as tolerogenic dendritic cells or tumor associated macrophages. IDO also is a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer, chronic viral infections, and other diseases characterized by pathological immune suppression.
Description: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a heme enzyme that initiates the oxidative degradation of the least abundant, essential amino acid, l-tryptophan, along the kynurenine pathway. This protein is normally expressed in the dendritic cells, macrophages, microglia, eosinophils, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and most tumor cells. IDO activity is associated with immunosuppression and immune attenuation. Several studies showed that IDO can contribute to immune escape when expressed directly in tumor cells or when expressed in immunosuppressive antigen presenting cells such as tolerogenic dendritic cells or tumor associated macrophages. IDO also is a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer, chronic viral infections, and other diseases characterized by pathological immune suppression.
Description: AXL Receptor Tyrosine Kinase is also known as Tyrosine-protein kinase receptor UFO, which belongs to the protein kinase superfamily, Tyr protein kinase family and AXL/UFO subfamily. AXL contains two fibronectin type-III domains, two Ig-like C2-type (immunoglobulin-like) domains and one protein kinase domain. AXL is highly expressed in metastatic colon tumors. AXL is activated by GAS6-binding and subsequent autophosphorylation. AXL is involved in signal transduction from the extracellular matrix into the cytoplasm by binding growth factors, and thus implicated in the stimulation of cell proliferation.
Description: T-cell surface glycoprotein CD4 is also known as T-cell surface antigen T4/Leu-3. CD4 contains three Ig-like C2-type (immunoglobulin-like) domains and one Ig-like V-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain. CD4 is accessory protein for MHC class-II antigen/T-cell receptor interaction. CD4 induces the aggregation of lipid rafts. CD4 is a primary receptor used by HIV-1 to gain entry into host T cells. HIV infection leads to a progressive reduction of the number of T cells possessing CD4 receptors. Therefore, medical professionals refer to the CD4 count to decide when to begin treatment for HIV-infected patients.
Description: CD155 is a Type I transmembrane glycoprotein in the immunoglobulin superfamily. Commonly known as Poliovirus Receptor (PVR) due to its involvement in the cellular poliovirus infection in primates, CD155's normal cellular function is in the establishment of intercellular adherens junctions between epithelial cells.CD155/PVR was originally isolated based on its ability to mediate polio virus attachment to host cells. The fulllength (or CD155 alpha isoform) is synthesized as a 417 amino acid (aa) precursor that contains a 20 aa signal sequence, a 323 aa extracellular region, a 24 aa TM segment and a 50 aa cytoplasmic tail. The extracellular region contains one N terminal V type and two C2 type Ig like domains. CD155 is a transmembrane protein with 3 extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains, D1-D3, where D1 is recognized by the virus. Low resolution structures of CD155 complexed with poliovirus have been obtained using electron microscopy while a high resolution structures of theectodomain D1 and D2 of CD155 were solved by x-ray crystallography.
Description: T-cell surface glycoprotein CD5 is also known as Lymphocyte antigen T1/Leu-1 and LEU1,which is phosphorylated on tyrosine residues by LYN,so CD5 can create binding sites for PTPN6/SHP-1.CD5 may act as a receptor in regulating T-cell proliferation. CD5 is expressed at various developmental and activation stages on human B cells.CD5 is a well established negative regulator of TCR and BCR signalling.CD5-positive cells may also prevent the emergence of autoimmunity by provision of cytokines such as IL-10. Development,selection and function of different B- and T-cell subsets or their preferential survival may be directly or indirectly dependent on different glycan structures associated with CD5 or CD5-like molecules.
Description: CD9 antigen is also known as tetraspanin-29 (TSPAN29), 5H9 antigen, Leukocyte antigen MIC3 (MIC3), Motility-related protein, is a multi-pass membrane protein which belongs to the tetraspanin (TM4SF) family or the transmembrane 4 superfamily. CD9 is a cell surface glycoprotein that is known to complex with integrins and other transmembrane 4 superfamily proteins. TSPAN29 is found on the surface of exosomes. MIC3 Involved in platelet activation and aggregation, regulates paranodal junction formation and also Involved in cell adhesion, cell motility and tumor metastasis. CD9 antigen also seems to be a key part in the egg-sperm fusion during mammalian fertilization.
Description: C-reactive protein (CRP) is a member of the pentraxin family of proteins that are characterized by a cyclic pentameric structure. Human CRP gene encodes a 224 amino acids precursor. The mature human CRP protein has 206 amino acids that are noncovalently linked to form the pentameter. Human CRP shares 71% and 64% amino acid sequence homology with mouse and rat respectively. CRP, synthesized by hepatocytes, is a major acute phase serum protein in human. IL6, IL1 and glucocorticoids are the major inducer of the CRP gene. The physiological role of CRP is to bind to phosphocholine expressed on the surface of dead or dying cells (and some types of bacteria) in order to activate the complement system. CRP binds to phosphocholine on microbes and damaged cells and enhances phagocytosis by macrophages. Thus, CRP participates in the clearance of necrotic and apoptotic cells. CRP rises up to 50,000-fold in acute inflammation, such as infection. It rises above normal limits within 6 hours, and peaks at 48 hours. Its half-life is constant, and therefore its level is mainly determined by the rate of production. It has been shown that high levels of CRP in humans is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Description: Coxsackie virus and adenovirus receptor (CXADR) is also known as CAR, is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein for group B coxsackie viruses and subgroup C adenoviruses, and belongs to the CTX family of the Ig superfamily. CAR is strongly expressed in the developing central nervous system. It functions as a homophilic and also as a heterophilic cell adhesion molecule through its interactions with extracellular matrix glycoproteins such as: fibronectin, agrin, laminin-1 and tenascin-R. Human CXADR protein contains a signal sequence, a extracellular domain (ECD) with a V type (D1) and a C2 type (D2) Iglike domain, a transmembrane segment and a intracellular domain. D1 is thought to be responsible for homodimer formation in trans within tight junctions, and is necessary and sufficient for adenovirus binding. Variants of CXADR are attached to the cell membrane by a GPI- anchor.
Description: Interleukin 1 receptor-like 1 (IL1RL1) is also known as ST2, DER4, FIT-1, IL33R, ST2L, ST2V, which belongs to the interleukin-1 receptor family. IL1RL1 contains three Ig-like C2-type (immunoglobulin-like) domains and one TIR domain. IL1RL1 is receptor for interleukin-33 (IL-33), its stimulation recruits MYD88, IRAK1, IRAK4, and TRAF6, followed by phosphorylation of MAPK3/ERK1 and/or MAPK1/ERK2, MAPK14, and MAPK8. IL1RL1 possibly involved in helper T-cell function. IL1RL1 can interact with MYD88, IRAK1, IRAK4, and TRAF6.
Description: Interleukin 1 receptor-like 1 (IL1RL1) is also known as ST2, DER4, FIT-1, IL33R, ST2L, ST2V, which belongs to the interleukin-1 receptor family. IL1RL1 contains three Ig-like C2-type (immunoglobulin-like) domains and one TIR domain. IL1RL1 is receptor for interleukin-33 (IL-33), its stimulation recruits MYD88, IRAK1, IRAK4, and TRAF6, followed by phosphorylation of MAPK3/ERK1 and/or MAPK1/ERK2, MAPK14, and MAPK8. IL1RL1 possibly involved in helper T-cell function. IL1RL1 can interact with MYD88, IRAK1, IRAK4, and TRAF6.
Description: Parathyroid hormone is the most important endocrine regulator of calcium and phosphorus concentration in extracellular fluid. This hormone is secreted from cells of the parathyroid glands and finds its major target cells in bone and kidney. Another hormone, parathyroid hormone-related protein, binds to the same receptor as parathyroid hormone and has major effects on development. Like most other protein hormones, parathyroid hormone is synthesized as a preprohormone. After intracellular processing, the mature hormone is packaged within the Golgi into secretory vesicles, the secreted into blood by exocytosis. Parathyroid hormone is secreted as a linear protein of 84 amino acids.
Description: Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) is a lymphoid factor that promotes long-term maintenance of embryonic stem cells by suppressing spontaneous differentiation. LIF has a number of other activities including cholinergic neuron differentiation, control of stem cell pluripotency, bone and fat metabolism, mitogenesis of certain factor dependent cell lines and promotion of megakaryocyte production in vivo. Human and murine mature LIF exhibit a 78% sequence identity at the amino acid level. Human LIF is equally active on human and mouse cells. Murine LIF is approximately 1000 fold less active on human cells than human LIF.
Description: Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a small mitogenic protein that is thought to be involved in mechanisms such as normal cell growth, oncogenesis, and wound healing. This protein shows both strong sequential and functional homology with human type-alpha transforming growth factor (hTGF alpha), which is a competitor for EGF receptor sites. EGF is a small 53 amino acid residue long protein that contains three disulfide bridges
Description: Stem Cell Factor (SCF) is a hematopoietic growth factor that exerts its activity at the early stages of hematopoiesis. SCF stimulates the proliferation of myeloid, erythroid, and lymphoid progenitors in bone marrow cultures and has been shown to act synergistically with colony stimulating factors.
Description: Apurinic-Apyrimidinic Endonuclease 1 (APE1) is required for efficient DNA base excision repair. When the DNA glycosylase remove the damaged bases, APE1 cleaves the AP site to allow resynthesis and ligation to complete repair. APE1 stimulates the DNA binding activity of many transcription factors, which participate in cancer promotion and progression. APE1 regulates the redox state of multiple transcription factors, such as c-Jun, c-Fos, NF-kB, p53. APEN is also involved in calcium-dependent down-regulation of PTH expression.
Description: BH3-Interacting Domain Death Agonist (BID) is a member of the Bcl-2 protein family which regulates outer mitochondrial membrane permeability. BID is a pro-apoptotic member that causes cytochrome c to be released from the mitochondria intermembrane space into the cytosol. Interaction of Bid with Bak causes altered mitochondrial membrane permeability. BID contains only the BH3 domain, which is required for its interaction with the Bcl-2 family proteins and for its pro-death activity. BID is susceptible to proteolytic cleavage by caspases, calpains, Granzyme B and cathepsins. It is an integrating key regulator of the intrinsic death pathway that amplifies caspase-dependent and caspase-independent execution of neuronal apoptosis. Therefore pharmacological inhibition of BID provides a promising therapeutic strategy in neurological diseases where programmed cell death is prominent, and also offer a new strategy for the treatment of acute renal failure associated with ischemia-reperfusion. BID receives direct inputs from a key regulator of the cell cycle arrest/DNA repair machinery (ATM), and therefore is an excellent candidate to coordinate genotoxic stress responses and apoptotic cell death. BID is a novel pro-apoptosis Bcl-2 family protein that is activated by caspase 8 in response to Fas/TNF-R1 death receptor signals. Deletion of BID inhibits carcinogenesis in the liver, although this genetic alteration promotes tumorigenesis in the myeloid cells. This is likely related to the function of BID to promote cell cycle progression into S phase. BID could be also involved in the maintenance of genomic stability by engaging at mitosis checkpoint.
Description: Human Deoxyhypusine Synthase (DHS) is vital for the first step of hypusine biosynthesis. DHS catalyzes the NAD-dependent oxidative cleavage of spermidine, the subsequent transfer of the butylamine moiety of spermidine to the epsilon-amino group of a specific lysine residue of the eIF-5A precursor protein to form the intermediate deoxyhypusine residue.
Description: Melanoma Inhibitory Activity Protein (MIA) is an autocrine growth regulatory protein secreted from chondrocytes and malignant melanoma cells, which was the first discovered member of a family of secreted cytokines termed the MIA/OTOR family. The four known members of this family: MIA, MIA2, OTOR and TANGO each contain a Src homology-3 (SH3)-like domain. MIA acts as a potent tumor cell growth inhibitor for malignant melanoma cells and some other neuroectodermal tumors, including gliomas, in an autocrine fashion and promotes melanoma metastasis by binding competitively to fibronectin and laminin in a manner that results in melanoma cell detachment from the extracellular matrix in vivo. The protein MIA has been shown to represent a very sensitive and specific serum marker for systemic malignant melanoma that might be useful for staging of primary melanomas, detection of progression from localized to metastatic disease during follow-up, and monitoring therapy of advanced melanomas. Elevated levels of MIA may represent a clinically useful marker for diagnosis of melanoma metastasis as well as a potential marker for rheumatoid arthritis.
Description: Nucleolar protein 3 is encoded by NOL3 gene. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. So far, Nucleolar protein 3 has show to have two Isoforms. Isoform 1 may be involved in RNA splicing.Isoform 2 may inhibit apoptosis.It has been shown to down-regulate the enzyme activities of caspase 2, caspase 8 and tumor protein p53.
Description: Nucleolar Protein 3 is encoded by NOL3 gene; multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. So far, Nucleolar protein 3 has show to have two Isoforms. Isoform 1 may be involved in RNA splicing.Isoform 2 may inhibit apoptosis.It has been shown to down-regulate the enzyme activities of caspase 2, caspase 8 and tumor protein p53.
Description: C-reactive protein (CRP) belongs to the pentaxin family. CRP is a secreted protein found in plasma. It can binds two calcium ions per subunit.CRP can promotes phagocytosis, bacterial capsular swelling, complement fixation and agglutination through its calcium-dependent binding to phosphorylcholine which expressed on the surface of dead or dying cells. It can activate the complement system via the C1Q complex. CRP can interact with DNA and histones. In addition, CRP may scavenge nuclear material released from damaged circulating cells.
Description: Human Dynein Cytoplasmic Light Chain 1 (DYNLL1) has been identified as a protein that interacts with NOS1, leading to NOS1 inhibition. NOS1 dimer is destabilized after binding DYNLL1 a conformation necessary activity, and it regulate numerous biologic processes throughits effects on nitric oxide synthase activity. DYNLL1 is widely expressed, with higher expression in testis and moderate expression in brain.
Description: U6 snRNA-associated Sm-like protein LSm4 (LSM4) is a member of the snRNP Sm proteins family. Sm-like proteins contain the Sm sequence motif and are thought to form a stable heteromer present in tri-snRNP particles, which are important for pre-mRNA splicing. LSM4 forms a heteromer with a donut shape. The complexes are involved in various steps of RNA metabolism. LSM4 binds specifically to the 3-terminal U-tract of U6 snRNA. LSM4 contributes RNA protein interactions and structural changes which are essential during ribosomal subunit assembly.
Description: Pterin-4- alpha-Carbinolamine Dehydratase (PCBD1) is the founding member of the Pterin-4- alpha-Carbinolamine Dehydratase Family. PCBD1 is involved in Tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis. It seems to prevent the formation of 7-Pterins and accelerate the formation of Quinonoid-BH2. Furthermore, PCBD1 regulates the homodimerization of the transcription factor Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1 (HNF1) and enhances its transcriptional activity. Defects in PCBD1 are the cause of BH4-Deficient Hyperphenylalaninemia Type D (HPABH4D). HPABH4D is characterized by the excretion of 7-substituted Pterins in the urine of affected patients.
Description: Apoptosis-Inducing Factor 1, Mitochondrial (AIFM1) is a flavoprotein essential for nuclear disassembly in apoptotic cells that is found in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in healthy cells. During apoptosis, it is translocated from the mitochondria to the nucleus to function as a proapoptotic factor in a caspase-independent pathway, while in normal mitochondria, it functions as an antiapoptotic factor via its oxidoreductase activity. The soluble form (AIFsol) found in the nucleus induces parthanatos i.e., caspase-independent fragmentation of chromosomal DNA. AIFM1 interacts with EIF3G, and thereby inhibits the EIF3 machinery and protein synthesis, and activates casapse-7 to amplify apoptosis. It binds to DNA in a sequence-independent manner and plays a critical role in caspase-independent, pyknotic cell death in hydrogen peroxide-exposed cells.
Description: Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1B (CDKN1B) is a Kinesin-related motor protein necessary for mitotic spindle assembly and chromosome segregation. CDKN1B is expressed in all tissues with highest levels observed in skeletal muscle. CDKN1B is a potent inhibitor of Cyclin E- and Cyclin A-CDK2 complexes. CDKN1B forms a complex with Cyclin Type D-CDK4 complexes and is involved in the assembly, stability, and modulation of CCND1-CDK4 complex activation. In addition, CDKN1B acts as an inhibitor or an activator of Cyclin Type D-CDK4 complexes depending on its phosphorylation state and stoichometry.
Description: TNFRSF11B is a secreted protein, containing 2 death domains and 4 TNFR-Cys repeats. TNFRSF11B is a decoy receptor for the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL). By binding RANKL, TNFRSF11B inhibits nuclear kappa B (NF-κB) which is a central and rapid acting transcription factor for immune-related genes, and a key regulator of inflammation, innate immunity, and cell survival and differentiation. TNFRSF11B levels are influenced by voltage-dependent calcium channelsCav1.2. TNFRSF11B can reduce the production of osteoclasts by inhibiting the differentiation of osteoclast precursors (osteoclasts are related to monocytes/macrophages and are derived from granulocyte/macrophage-forming colony units (CFU-GM)) into osteoclasts and also regulates the resorption of osteoclasts in vitroand in vivo. TNFRSF11B binding to RANKL on osteoblast/stromal cells, blocks the RANKL-RANK ligand interaction between osteoblast/stromal cells and osteoclast precursors. This has the effect of inhibiting the differentiation of the osteoclast precursor into a mature osteoclast.
Description: Niemann-Pick disease type C2 protein (NPC2) is also known as epididymal secretory protein E1 and human epididymis-specific protein 1 (HE1). NPC2 is a intracellular cholesterol transporter which acts in concert with NPC1 and plays an important role in the egress of cholesterol from the endosomal/lysosomal compartment. Both NPC1 and NPC2 function as the cellular 'tag team duo' (TTD) to catalyze the mobilization of cholesterol within the multivesicular environment of the late endosome (LE) to effect egress through the limiting bilayer of the LE. Also,NPC2 binds unesterified cholesterol that has been released from LDLs in the lumen of the late endosomes/lysosomes and transfers it to the cholesterol-binding pocket of the N-terminal domain of NPC1. Furthermore,the secreted form of NCP2 regulates biliary cholesterol secretion via stimulation of ABCG5/ABCG8-mediated cholesterol transport.
Description: Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) is also known as CD279 and PDCD1, is a type I membrane protein and is a member of the extended CD28/CTLA-4 family of T cell regulators. PDCD1 is expressed on the surface of activated T cells, B cells, macrophages, myeloid cells and a subset of thymocytes. PD-1 has two ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, which are members of the B7 family. PD-L1 is expressed on almost all murine tumor cell lines, including PA1 myeloma, P815 mastocytoma, and B16 melanoma upon treatment with IFN-γ. PD-L2 expression is more restricted and is expressed mainly by DCs and a few tumor lines. PD1 inhibits the T-cell proliferation and production of related cytokines including IL-1, IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-γ by suppressing the activation and transduction of PI3K/AKT pathway. In addition, coligation of PD1 inhibits BCR-mediating signal by dephosphorylating key signal transducer. In vitro, treatment of anti-CD3 stimulated T cells with PD-L1-Ig results in reduced T cell proliferation and IFN-γ secretion. Monoclonal antibodies targeting PD-1 that boost the immune system are being developed for the treatment of cancer.
Description: Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) is also known as CD279 and PDCD1, is a type I membrane protein and is a member of the extended CD28/CTLA-4 family of T cell regulators. PDCD1 is expressed on the surface of activated T cells, B cells, macrophages, myeloid cells and a subset of thymocytes. PD-1 has two ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, which are members of the B7 family. PD-L1 is expressed on almost all murine tumor cell lines, including PA1 myeloma, P815 mastocytoma, and B16 melanoma upon treatment with IFN-γ. PD-L2 expression is more restricted and is expressed mainly by DCs and a few tumor lines. PD1 inhibits the T-cell proliferation and production of related cytokines including IL-1, IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-γ by suppressing the activation and transduction of PI3K/AKT pathway. In addition, coligation of PD1 inhibits BCR-mediating signal by dephosphorylating key signal transducer. In vitro, treatment of anti-CD3 stimulated T cells with PD-L1-Ig results in reduced T cell proliferation and IFN-γ secretion. Monoclonal antibodies targeting PD-1 that boost the immune system are being developed for the treatment of cancer.
Description: Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) is also known as CD279 and PDCD1, is a type I membrane protein and is a member of the extended CD28/CTLA-4 family of T cell regulators. PDCD1 is expressed on the surface of activated T cells, B cells, macrophages, myeloid cells and a subset of thymocytes. PD-1 has two ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, which are members of the B7 family. PD-L1 is expressed on almost all murine tumor cell lines, including PA1 myeloma, P815 mastocytoma, and B16 melanoma upon treatment with IFN-γ. PD-L2 expression is more restricted and is expressed mainly by DCs and a few tumor lines. PD1 inhibits the T-cell proliferation and production of related cytokines including IL-1, IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-γ by suppressing the activation and transduction of PI3K/AKT pathway. In addition, coligation of PD1 inhibits BCR-mediating signal by dephosphorylating key signal transducer. In vitro, treatment of anti-CD3 stimulated T cells with PD-L1-Ig results in reduced T cell proliferation and IFN-γ secretion. Monoclonal antibodies targeting PD-1 that boost the immune system are being developed for the treatment of cancer.
Description: Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) is also known as CD279 and PDCD1, is a type I membrane protein and is a member of the extended CD28/CTLA-4 family of T cell regulators. PDCD1 is expressed on the surface of activated T cells, B cells, macrophages, myeloid cells and a subset of thymocytes. PD-1 has two ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, which are members of the B7 family. PD-L1 is expressed on almost all murine tumor cell lines, including PA1 myeloma, P815 mastocytoma, and B16 melanoma upon treatment with IFN-γ. PD-L2 expression is more restricted and is expressed mainly by DCs and a few tumor lines. PD1 inhibits the T-cell proliferation and production of related cytokines including IL-1, IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-γ by suppressing the activation and transduction of PI3K/AKT pathway. In addition, coligation of PD1 inhibits BCR-mediating signal by dephosphorylating key signal transducer. In vitro, treatment of anti-CD3 stimulated T cells with PD-L1-Ig results in reduced T cell proliferation and IFN-γ secretion. Monoclonal antibodies targeting PD-1 that boost the immune system are being developed for the treatment of cancer.
Description: Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) is also known as CD279 and PDCD1, is a type I membrane protein and is a member of the extended CD28/CTLA-4 family of T cell regulators. PDCD1 is expressed on the surface of activated T cells, B cells, macrophages, myeloid cells and a subset of thymocytes. PD-1 has two ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, which are members of the B7 family. PD-L1 is expressed on almost all murine tumor cell lines, including PA1 myeloma, P815 mastocytoma, and B16 melanoma upon treatment with IFN-γ. PD-L2 expression is more restricted and is expressed mainly by DCs and a few tumor lines. PD1 inhibits the T-cell proliferation and production of related cytokines including IL-1, IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-γ by suppressing the activation and transduction of PI3K/AKT pathway. In addition, coligation of PD1 inhibits BCR-mediating signal by dephosphorylating key signal transducer. In vitro, treatment of anti-CD3 stimulated T cells with PD-L1-Ig results in reduced T cell proliferation and IFN-γ secretion. Monoclonal antibodies targeting PD-1 that boost the immune system are being developed for the treatment of cancer.
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Schwann Cell Cultures: Biology, Expertise and Therapeutics
Schwann cell (SC) cultures from experimental animals and human donors will be ready utilizing almost any kind of nerve at any stage of maturation to render stage- and patient-specific populations. Strategies to isolate, purify, develop in quantity, and differentiate SCs from grownup, postnatal and embryonic sources are environment friendly and reproducible as these have resulted from amassed refinements launched over many a long time of labor.
Albeit some exceptions, SCs will be passaged extensively whereas sustaining their regular proliferation and differentiation controls. Because of their lineage dedication and powerful resistance to tumorigenic transformation, SCs are secure to be used in therapeutic approaches within the peripheral and central nervous programs.
This evaluate summarizes the evolution of labor that led to the strong applied sciences used at present in SC culturing together with the primary options of the first and expanded SCs that make them irreplaceable fashions to grasp SC biology in well being and illness. Conventional and rising approaches in SC tradition are mentioned in mild of their potential functions.
Lastly, some fundamental assumptions in vitro SC fashions are recognized in an try and uncover the mixed worth of previous and new developments in tradition protocols and the mobile merchandise which might be derived.
Atherosclerosis: cellbiology and lipoproteins
Objective of evaluate: Lipoproteins have vital function in each the promotion and prevention of atherosclerosis. This transient evaluate will concentrate on latest stories on relationship between HDL and HDL subclasses and their composition and performance, the function of apoC-III in metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, the affect of Lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) on endothelial cells, and the mechanism of uptake of aggregated LDL by macrophages.
Latest findings: The complexity of the protein and lipid content material of murine and human HDL and their relationship to its ldl cholesterol efflux capability have been examined. HDL has additionally been proven to have each antiatherogenic and proatherogenic properties.
The connection between apoC-III and LPL exercise, apoprotein E mediated clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and the potential significance of apoC-III within the elevated threat of heart problems in kind 1 diabetics has been investigated. Oxidized phospholipid in Lp(a) promotes endothelial cells inflammatory and glycolytic responses.
TLR4 participates within the uptake of aggregated LDL to contribute to foam cell formation. Abstract: These research contribute to our mechanistic understanding of how lipoproteins contribute to atherogenesis and determine potential therapeutic targets.
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